Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Witwatersrand Gold Mining Basin, South Africa
Identifieur interne : 000009 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000008; suivant : 000010Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Witwatersrand Gold Mining Basin, South Africa
Auteurs : Caspah Kamunda ; Manny Mathuthu ; Morgan MadhukuSource :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The study evaluates the health risk caused by heavy metals to the inhabitants of a gold mining area. In this study, 56 soil samples from five mine tailings and 17 from two mine villages were collected and analyzed for Asernic (As), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) using ICP-MS. Measured concentrations of these heavy metals were then used to calculate the health risk for adults and children. Their concentrations were such that Cr > Ni > As > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Hg > Cd, with As, Cr and Ni higher than permissible levels. For the adult population, the Hazard Index value for all pathways was found to be 2.13, making non-carcinogenic effects significant to the adult population. For children, the Hazard Index value was 43.80, a value >>1, which poses serious non-carcinogenic effect to children living in the gold mining area. The carcinogenic risk was found to be 1.7 × 10−4 implying that 1 person in every 5882 adults may be affected. In addition, for children, in every 2725 individuals, 1 child may be affected (3.67 × 10−4). These carcinogenic risk values were both higher than acceptable values.
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DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070663
PubMed: 27376316
PubMed Central: 4962204
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Witwatersrand Gold Mining Basin, South Africa</title><author><name sortKey="Kamunda, Caspah" sort="Kamunda, Caspah" uniqKey="Kamunda C" first="Caspah" last="Kamunda">Caspah Kamunda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00663">Center for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North West University (Mafikeng), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;<email>Manny.Mathuthu@nwu.ac.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathuthu, Manny" sort="Mathuthu, Manny" uniqKey="Mathuthu M" first="Manny" last="Mathuthu">Manny Mathuthu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00663">Center for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North West University (Mafikeng), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;<email>Manny.Mathuthu@nwu.ac.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madhuku, Morgan" sort="Madhuku, Morgan" uniqKey="Madhuku M" first="Morgan" last="Madhuku">Morgan Madhuku</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00663">iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Private Bag X11, Wits 2050, South Africa;<email>madhuku@tlabs.ac.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27376316</idno><idno type="pmc">4962204</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4962204</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4962204</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph13070663</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000009</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000009</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000009</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000009</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Witwatersrand Gold Mining Basin, South Africa</title><author><name sortKey="Kamunda, Caspah" sort="Kamunda, Caspah" uniqKey="Kamunda C" first="Caspah" last="Kamunda">Caspah Kamunda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00663">Center for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North West University (Mafikeng), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;<email>Manny.Mathuthu@nwu.ac.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathuthu, Manny" sort="Mathuthu, Manny" uniqKey="Mathuthu M" first="Manny" last="Mathuthu">Manny Mathuthu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00663">Center for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North West University (Mafikeng), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;<email>Manny.Mathuthu@nwu.ac.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madhuku, Morgan" sort="Madhuku, Morgan" uniqKey="Madhuku M" first="Morgan" last="Madhuku">Morgan Madhuku</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00663">iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Private Bag X11, Wits 2050, South Africa;<email>madhuku@tlabs.ac.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The study evaluates the health risk caused by heavy metals to the inhabitants of a gold mining area. In this study, 56 soil samples from five mine tailings and 17 from two mine villages were collected and analyzed for Asernic (As), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) using ICP-MS. Measured concentrations of these heavy metals were then used to calculate the health risk for adults and children. Their concentrations were such that Cr > Ni > As > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Hg > Cd, with As, Cr and Ni higher than permissible levels. For the adult population, the Hazard Index value for all pathways was found to be 2.13, making non-carcinogenic effects significant to the adult population. For children, the Hazard Index value was 43.80, a value >>1, which poses serious non-carcinogenic effect to children living in the gold mining area. The carcinogenic risk was found to be 1.7 × 10<sup>−4</sup> implying that 1 person in every 5882 adults may be affected. In addition, for children, in every 2725 individuals, 1 child may be affected (3.67 × 10<sup>−4</sup>). These carcinogenic risk values were both higher than acceptable values.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duffus, J H" uniqKey="Duffus J">J.H. Duffus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brady, N C" uniqKey="Brady N">N.C. Brady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weil, R R" uniqKey="Weil R">R.R. Weil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lane, T W" uniqKey="Lane T">T.W. Lane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morel, F M" uniqKey="Morel F">F.M. Morel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kabata Pendias, A" uniqKey="Kabata Pendias A">A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27376316</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4962204</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph13070663</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-13-00663</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Witwatersrand Gold Mining Basin, South Africa</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kamunda</surname><given-names>Caspah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00663">1</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mathuthu</surname><given-names>Manny</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00663">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Madhuku</surname><given-names>Morgan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-13-00663">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Mielke</surname><given-names>Howard W.</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00663"><label>1</label>Center for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North West University (Mafikeng), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;<email>Manny.Mathuthu@nwu.ac.za</email></aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00663"><label>2</label>iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Private Bag X11, Wits 2050, South Africa;<email>madhuku@tlabs.ac.za</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-13-00663"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>ckamunda@gmail.com</email>; Tel.: +27-730-095-988</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>663</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>07</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The study evaluates the health risk caused by heavy metals to the inhabitants of a gold mining area. In this study, 56 soil samples from five mine tailings and 17 from two mine villages were collected and analyzed for Asernic (As), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) using ICP-MS. Measured concentrations of these heavy metals were then used to calculate the health risk for adults and children. Their concentrations were such that Cr > Ni > As > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Hg > Cd, with As, Cr and Ni higher than permissible levels. For the adult population, the Hazard Index value for all pathways was found to be 2.13, making non-carcinogenic effects significant to the adult population. For children, the Hazard Index value was 43.80, a value >>1, which poses serious non-carcinogenic effect to children living in the gold mining area. The carcinogenic risk was found to be 1.7 × 10<sup>−4</sup> implying that 1 person in every 5882 adults may be affected. In addition, for children, in every 2725 individuals, 1 child may be affected (3.67 × 10<sup>−4</sup>). These carcinogenic risk values were both higher than acceptable values.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>ICP-MS</kwd><kwd>heavy metal</kwd><kwd>hazard index</kwd><kwd>average daily intake</kwd><kwd>carcinogenic risk</kwd><kwd>non-carcinogenic risk</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="ijerph-13-00663-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The study area: Part of the Witwatersrand gold mining basin.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00663-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-13-00663-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Hazard quotient (<italic>HQ</italic>) values for heavy metals in adults and children for soil from mining area.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00663-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-13-00663-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Cancer risk values of heavy metals for adults and children in soil from mining area.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00663-g003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00663-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00663-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Exposure parameters used for the health risk assessment through different exposure pathways for soil.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parameter</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unit</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body weight (<italic>BW</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exposure frequency (<italic>EF</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">days/year</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exposure duration (<italic>ED</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">years</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ingestion rate (<italic>IR</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mg/day</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhalation rate (<italic>IRair</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m<sup>3</sup>/day</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin surface area (<italic>SA</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cm<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5800</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil adherence factor (<italic>AF</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mg/cm<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermal Absorption factor (<italic>ABS</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermal exposure ratio (<italic>FE</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particulate emission factor (<italic>PEF</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m<sup>3</sup>/kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 × 10<sup>9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 × 10<sup>9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conversion factor (<italic>CF</italic>)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg/mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average time (<italic>AT</italic>)</td><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">days</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> For carcinogens</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">365 × 70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">365 × 70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> For non-carcinogens</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">365 × ED</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">365 × ED</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00663-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00663-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Reference doses (<italic>RfD</italic>) in (mg/kg-day) and Cancer Slope Factors (<italic>CSF</italic>) for the different heavy metals.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heavy Metal</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral <italic>RfD</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermal <italic>RfD</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhalation <italic>RfD</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral <italic>CSF</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermal <italic>CSF</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhalation <italic>CSF</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50E+00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50E+00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50E+01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B25-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.60E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.50E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.20E−02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B26-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.60E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.00E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.00E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.70E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.30E+00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B25-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr (VI)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.00E−01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.10E+01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B19-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00E−02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.70E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.70E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.80E+00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00E−02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.60E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7.00E−02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.40E−02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B27-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00E−01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.50E−02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B27-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00663-t003" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00663-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Average concentrations (mg/kg) of heavy metals in in soil from the different mine locations.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Location & GPS Points</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">No. of Samples</th><th colspan="9" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Average Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Different Locations in mg·kg<sup>−1</sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tailings one (26°22’ S:27°29’ E)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.85</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">441.52</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.78</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tailings two (26°22’ S:27°30’ E)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.22</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270.76</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.95</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.76</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tailings three (26°22’ S:27°26’ E)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.31</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152.50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tailings four (26°21’ S:27°27’ E)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.96</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tailings five (26°23’ S:27°25’ E)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.31</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125.83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West village (26°23’ S:27°28’ E)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">861.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.33</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">East village (26°22’ S:27°30’ E)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.69</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.82</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">278.76</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.51</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.56</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.33</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.22</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">861.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152.50</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00663-t004" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00663-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Maximum allowable limit of heavy metals concentrations in soil (mg × kg<sup>−1</sup>) for different countries.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Country</th><th colspan="9" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Maximum Allowable Limit of Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soil (mg × kg<sup>−1</sup>) for Different Countries</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr </th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poland</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">450</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bulgaria</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B33-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tanzania</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FAO/WHO Guidelines</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU Guidelines</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.a.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-ijerph-13-00663" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>n.a.: Not available.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00663-t005" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00663-t005_Table 5</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Average daily intake (<italic>ADI</italic>) values in mg/kg/day for adults and children in soil from the mining area for non-carcinogenic risk calculations.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Receptor</th><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Pathway</th><th colspan="9" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Average Daily Intake (<italic>ADI</italic>) Values for Heavy Metals in mg/kg/day</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Total</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ingestion</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.57E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.61E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.82E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.82E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.03E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.50E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.14E−04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhalation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.66E−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75E−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.72E−12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.62E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.56E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.15E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20E−07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.69E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.95E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.46E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.44E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.67E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.80E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.02E−04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.19E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.25E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.76E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.27E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.77E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.37E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.92E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02E−03</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Child</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ingestion</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.13E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.17E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.56E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.44E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.56E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.27E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.60E−03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhalation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.07E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.46E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.46E−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.47E−11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.18E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.63E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.74E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.05E−07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.50E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.92E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.13E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.95E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.28E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.48E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.20E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.09E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.18E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.87E−03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.83E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.85E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.92E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.36E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.35E−03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25E−02</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00663-t006" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00663-t006_Table 6</object-id><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Average daily intake (<italic>ADI</italic>) values in mg/kg/day for adults and children in soil from the mining area for carcinogenic risk calculations.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Receptor</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Pathway</th><th colspan="9" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Average Daily Intake (<italic>ADI</italic>) Values for Heavy Metals in mg/kg/day</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Total</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr </th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Adult </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ingestion</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.66E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.81E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.11E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.83E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.01E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.58E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.49E−04</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhalation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.86E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.14E−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.51E−12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.17E−12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.41E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.67E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.43E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.21E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.67E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.13E−08</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.97E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.02E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.05E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.18E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.46E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.72E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.64E−05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.82E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.51E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.38E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.54E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.04E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.11E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.76E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.87E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.21E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.36E−04</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Child</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ingestion</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.70E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.25E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.54E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.29E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.05E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.66E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.62E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.80E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.52E−04</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhalation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.49E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.10E−10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.82E−12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.12E−12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.22E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.87E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.25E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.92E−09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.61E−08</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.57E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.36E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.11E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.39E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.96E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.98E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.60E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.87E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.17E−04</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.62E−06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56E−07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.68E−08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.01E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.64E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.22E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.60E−05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.01E−04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" 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