The Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of Industrial Sites in Dongguan, China
Identifieur interne : 000000 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); suivant : 000001The Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of Industrial Sites in Dongguan, China
Auteurs : Chao Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Liwen Lu [République populaire de Chine] ; Ting Huang ; Yalin Huang [République populaire de Chine] ; Lei Ding [République populaire de Chine] ; Weituo Zhao [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Exponential industrialization and rapid urbanization have resulted in contamination of soil by metals from anthropogenic sources in Dongguan, China. The aims of this research were to determine the concentration and distribution of various metals (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) in soils and identify their potential health risks for local residents. A total of 106 soil samples were collected from the vicinity of industrial sites in Dongguan. Two types of samples were collected from each site: topsoil (0–20 cm, TS) and shallow soil (20–50 cm, SS). Results showed that the soils were contaminated by metals and pollution was mainly focused on TS. The geoaccumulation index (
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080832
PubMed: 27548198
PubMed Central: 4997518
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of Industrial Sites in Dongguan, China</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Chao" sort="Liu, Chao" uniqKey="Liu C" first="Chao" last="Liu">Chao Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00832">School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>dxy2006@cug.edu.cn</email> (C.L.);<email>luliwen1009@163.com</email> (L.L.);<email>aylinhuang@163.com</email> (Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832">Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wuhan 430074</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Liwen" sort="Lu, Liwen" uniqKey="Lu L" first="Liwen" last="Lu">Liwen Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00832">School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>dxy2006@cug.edu.cn</email> (C.L.);<email>luliwen1009@163.com</email> (L.L.);<email>aylinhuang@163.com</email> (Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832">Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wuhan 430074</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Ting" sort="Huang, Ting" uniqKey="Huang T" first="Ting" last="Huang">Ting Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00832">School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>13476812887@163.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yalin" sort="Huang, Yalin" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yalin" last="Huang">Yalin Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00832">School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>dxy2006@cug.edu.cn</email> (C.L.);<email>luliwen1009@163.com</email> (L.L.);<email>aylinhuang@163.com</email> (Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832">Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wuhan 430074</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Lei" sort="Ding, Lei" uniqKey="Ding L" first="Lei" last="Ding">Lei Ding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832">Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wuhan 430074</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00832">School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>13476812887@163.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Weituo" sort="Zhao, Weituo" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Weituo" last="Zhao">Weituo Zhao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-13-00832">The Center of Environmental Engineering and Assessment, No. 203 Research Institute of Nuclear Industry, Xianyang 712000, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>The Center of Environmental Engineering and Assessment, No. 203 Research Institute of Nuclear Industry, Xianyang 712000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Xianyang 712000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27548198</idno><idno type="pmc">4997518</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4997518</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4997518</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph13080832</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000035</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000035</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000035</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000035</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000000</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of Industrial Sites in Dongguan, China</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Chao" sort="Liu, Chao" uniqKey="Liu C" first="Chao" last="Liu">Chao Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00832">School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>dxy2006@cug.edu.cn</email> (C.L.);<email>luliwen1009@163.com</email> (L.L.);<email>aylinhuang@163.com</email> (Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832">Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wuhan 430074</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Liwen" sort="Lu, Liwen" uniqKey="Lu L" first="Liwen" last="Lu">Liwen Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00832">School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>dxy2006@cug.edu.cn</email> (C.L.);<email>luliwen1009@163.com</email> (L.L.);<email>aylinhuang@163.com</email> (Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832">Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wuhan 430074</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Ting" sort="Huang, Ting" uniqKey="Huang T" first="Ting" last="Huang">Ting Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00832">School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>13476812887@163.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yalin" sort="Huang, Yalin" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yalin" last="Huang">Yalin Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00832">School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>dxy2006@cug.edu.cn</email> (C.L.);<email>luliwen1009@163.com</email> (L.L.);<email>aylinhuang@163.com</email> (Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832">Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wuhan 430074</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Lei" sort="Ding, Lei" uniqKey="Ding L" first="Lei" last="Ding">Lei Ding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832">Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wuhan 430074</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00832">School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>13476812887@163.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Weituo" sort="Zhao, Weituo" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Weituo" last="Zhao">Weituo Zhao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-13-00832">The Center of Environmental Engineering and Assessment, No. 203 Research Institute of Nuclear Industry, Xianyang 712000, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>The Center of Environmental Engineering and Assessment, No. 203 Research Institute of Nuclear Industry, Xianyang 712000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Xianyang 712000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Exponential industrialization and rapid urbanization have resulted in contamination of soil by metals from anthropogenic sources in Dongguan, China. The aims of this research were to determine the concentration and distribution of various metals (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) in soils and identify their potential health risks for local residents. A total of 106 soil samples were collected from the vicinity of industrial sites in Dongguan. Two types of samples were collected from each site: topsoil (0–20 cm, TS) and shallow soil (20–50 cm, SS). Results showed that the soils were contaminated by metals and pollution was mainly focused on TS. The geoaccumulation index (<italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub>) and pollution indexes (<italic>PI</italic>) implied that there was a slight increase in the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb, but the metal pollution caused by industrial activities was less severe, and elements of As and Cr exhibited non-pollution level. The risk assessment results suggested that there was a potential health risk associated with As and Cr exposure for residents because the carcinogenic risks of As and Cr via corresponding exposure pathways exceeded the safety limit of 10<sup>−6</sup> (the acceptable level of carcinogenic risk for humans). Furthermore, oral ingestion and inhalation of soil particles are the main exposure pathways for As and Cr to enter the human body<italic>.</italic> This study may provide basic information of metal pollution control and human health protection in the vicinity of industrial regions.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, S S" uniqKey="Lee S">S.S. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, J E" uniqKey="Lim J">J.E. Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abd El Azeem, S A M" uniqKey="Abd El Azeem S">S.A.M. Abd El-Azeem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, B S" uniqKey="Choi B">B.S. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27548198</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4997518</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph13080832</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-13-00832</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of Industrial Sites in Dongguan, China</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Chao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00832">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-13-00832">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>Liwen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00832">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-13-00832">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Ting</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-13-00832">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Yalin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00832">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-13-00832">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ding</surname><given-names>Lei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-13-00832">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-13-00832">3</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Weituo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijerph-13-00832">4</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Yu-Pin</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00832"><label>1</label>School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>dxy2006@cug.edu.cn</email> (C.L.);<email>luliwen1009@163.com</email> (L.L.);<email>aylinhuang@163.com</email> (Y.H.)</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00832"><label>2</label>Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China</aff><aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00832"><label>3</label>School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;<email>13476812887@163.com</email></aff><aff id="af4-ijerph-13-00832"><label>4</label>The Center of Environmental Engineering and Assessment, No. 203 Research Institute of Nuclear Industry, Xianyang 712000, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-13-00832"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>dinglei3616028@163.com</email> (L.D.); <email>weituo2006@126.com</email> (W.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-27-6788-5178 (L.D.); +86-29-3357-6533 (W.Z.)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>8</issue><elocation-id>832</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Exponential industrialization and rapid urbanization have resulted in contamination of soil by metals from anthropogenic sources in Dongguan, China. The aims of this research were to determine the concentration and distribution of various metals (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) in soils and identify their potential health risks for local residents. A total of 106 soil samples were collected from the vicinity of industrial sites in Dongguan. Two types of samples were collected from each site: topsoil (0–20 cm, TS) and shallow soil (20–50 cm, SS). Results showed that the soils were contaminated by metals and pollution was mainly focused on TS. The geoaccumulation index (<italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub>) and pollution indexes (<italic>PI</italic>) implied that there was a slight increase in the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb, but the metal pollution caused by industrial activities was less severe, and elements of As and Cr exhibited non-pollution level. The risk assessment results suggested that there was a potential health risk associated with As and Cr exposure for residents because the carcinogenic risks of As and Cr via corresponding exposure pathways exceeded the safety limit of 10<sup>−6</sup> (the acceptable level of carcinogenic risk for humans). Furthermore, oral ingestion and inhalation of soil particles are the main exposure pathways for As and Cr to enter the human body<italic>.</italic> This study may provide basic information of metal pollution control and human health protection in the vicinity of industrial regions.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>contaminated soil</kwd><kwd>geoaccumulation index</kwd><kwd>metal</kwd><kwd>pollution indexes</kwd><kwd>human exposure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="ijerph-13-00832-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The location of the study area and distribution of sampling sites.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00832-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-13-00832-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Heavy metal concentrations of soil from the vicinity of industrial sites in Dongguan. TS: topsoils of 0–20 cm, SS: shallow soils of 20–50 cm. The circle symbols (○) represent outliers (mild outliers), and the cross symbols (*) represent extremes (extreme outliers). The horizontal lines at the top, middle and bottom of the box plot correspond to the 75th percentile, median and 25th percentile, respectively.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00832-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-13-00832-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Box plot of <italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> for heavy metals in topsoils around industrial sites in Dongguan. The <italic>circles</italic> represent outliers (mild outliers), and the <italic>stars</italic> represent extremes (extreme outliers). The <italic>horizontal</italic> lines at the top, <italic>middle</italic> and <italic>bottom</italic> of the box plot correspond to the 75th percentile, median and 25th percentile, respectively.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00832-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-13-00832-f004" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>The mean pollution index (<italic>PI</italic>) of heavy metals in topsoils in different towns of Dongguan.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00832-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-13-00832-f005" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Carcinogenic risks of heavy metals in topsoils around industrial sites in Dongguan.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00832-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-13-00832-f006" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals in topsoils around industrial sites in Dongguan.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00832-g006"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00832-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00832-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The <italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> and classification of pollution degree.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> Class</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> Value</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pollution Degree</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> ≤ 0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncontaminated</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 < <italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> ≤ 1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Slightly to moderately contaminated</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 < <italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> ≤ 2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderately contaminated</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 < <italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> ≤ 3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderately to heavily contaminated</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 < <italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> ≤ 4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heavily contaminated</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 < <italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> ≤ 5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heavily to extremely contaminated</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sub>geo</sub> > 5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extremely contaminated</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00832-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00832-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Definition and reference value of some parameters for health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils [<xref rid="B32-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>].</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symbols</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Units</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Definition</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult Value</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ABS<sub>o</sub>, ABS<sub>d</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absorption factor of oral ingestion and dermal contact of soil particles, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AT<sub>ca</sub>, AT<sub>nc</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">day</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average time for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,280; 2190</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,280; 2190</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BW<sub>a</sub>, BW<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average body weight of adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OISER<sub>ca</sub>, DCSER<sub>ca</sub>, PISER<sub>ca</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg·kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>·day<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chronic daily intake or exposure dose through oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CR<sub>ois</sub>, CR<sub>dcs</sub>, CR<sub>pis</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancer risk of heavy metal through oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DAIR<sub>a</sub>, DAIR<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m<sup>3</sup>·day<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily air inhalation rate of adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ED<sub>a</sub>, ED<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exposure duration of adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF<sub>a</sub>, EF<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">day·a<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exposure frequency of adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EFI<sub>a</sub>, EFI<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">day·a<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indoor exposure frequency of adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">262.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">262.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EFO<sub>a</sub>, EFO<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">day·a<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outdoor exposure frequency of adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E<sub>v</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">day<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily exposure frequency of dermal contact event</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">fspi, fspo</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fraction of soil-borne particles in indoor and outdoor air, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8; 0.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8; 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HI</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hazard index of heavy metal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ<sub>ois</sub>, HQ<sub>dcs</sub>, HQ<sub>pis</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hazard quotient of heavy metal through oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OSIR<sub>a</sub>, OSIR<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mg·day<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily oral ingestion rate of soils of adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PIAF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retention fraction of inhaled particulates in body</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PM<sub>10</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mg·m<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Content of inhalable particulates in ambient air</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RfD<sub>o</sub>, RfD<sub>d</sub>, RfD<sub>i</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mg·kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>·day<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference dose of heavy metal through oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAE<sub>a</sub>, SAE<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cm<sup>2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surface area of exposed skin for adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5075</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2448</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil allocation factor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SF<sub>o</sub>, SF<sub>d</sub>, SF<sub>i</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(mg·kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>·day<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>)<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancer slope factor of heavy metal via oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SSAR<sub>a</sub>, SSAR<sub>c</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mg·cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adherence rate of soil on skin for adults and children, respectively</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00832-t003" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00832-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p><italic>SF</italic> for carcinogenic metals and <italic>RfD</italic> for non-carcinogenic metals [<xref rid="B32-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>].</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Elements</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>SF</italic>/(mg/kg·d)<sup>−1</sup></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>RfD</italic>/mg/(kg·d)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>SF<sub>o</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>SF<sub>d</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>SF<sub>i</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>RfD<sub>o</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>RfD<sub>d</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>RfD<sub>i</sub></italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.80</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>−4</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>−4</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.38 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.55 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">329.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.55 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>−4</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.66 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 × 10<sup>−4</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00832-t004" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00832-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Concentrations of heavy metals in topsoils from the vicinity of industrial areas and related soil quality standards.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Places</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Depth</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dongguan</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–20 cm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yan’an</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">reference [<xref rid="B37-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–20 cm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.97</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.31</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.88</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weinan</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">reference [<xref rid="B38-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–15 cm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.71</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.88</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.56</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.99</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lipu</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">reference [<xref rid="B39-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–15 cm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.77</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.65</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.98</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chinese [<xref rid="B35-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II (pH < 6.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">III</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guangdong background values [<xref rid="B31-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.056</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dutch [<xref rid="B36-ijerph-13-00832" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target values</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention values</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">530</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">720</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">210</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">380</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>I. the limits for protecting ecosystem; II. the maximum allowable concentrations of metals in agriculture soil of China; III. the upper limit values for regular growing of plants.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00832-t005" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00832-t005_Table 5</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Correlation coefficient among different metals in topsoils around industrial sites in Dongguan.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elements</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.069</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.221</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.257</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.199</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.101</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.523 **</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.119</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.043</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.395 **</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.637 **</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.264</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.234</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.348 *</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.520 **</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.455 **</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.089</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.043</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.183</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.089</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.185</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.245</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.011</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.062</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.076</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.087</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.261</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.121</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed); ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00832-t006" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00832-t006_Table 6</object-id><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Statistical results of pollution index (<italic>PI</italic>) of heavy metals in topsoils around industrial sites in Dongguan.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Elements</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><italic>PI</italic></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Number of Samples</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">h.p <sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m.p <sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">l.p <sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.p <sup>a</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.36</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.54</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.84</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.97</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.72</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.71</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.59</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> h.p: high level pollution; m.p: moderate level pollution; l.p: low level pollution; n.p: non-pollution.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Huang, Ting" sort="Huang, Ting" uniqKey="Huang T" first="Ting" last="Huang">Ting Huang</name></noCountry><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Liu, Chao" sort="Liu, Chao" uniqKey="Liu C" first="Chao" last="Liu">Chao Liu</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ding, Lei" sort="Ding, Lei" uniqKey="Ding L" first="Lei" last="Ding">Lei Ding</name><name sortKey="Huang, Yalin" sort="Huang, Yalin" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yalin" last="Huang">Yalin Huang</name><name sortKey="Lu, Liwen" sort="Lu, Liwen" uniqKey="Lu L" first="Liwen" last="Lu">Liwen Lu</name><name sortKey="Zhao, Weituo" sort="Zhao, Weituo" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Weituo" last="Zhao">Weituo Zhao</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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