Impact and relationship of anterior commissure and time-dose factor on the local control of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by 6 MV photons
Identifieur interne : 000470 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000469; suivant : 000471Impact and relationship of anterior commissure and time-dose factor on the local control of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by 6 MV photons
Auteurs : Chi-Chung Tong ; Kwok-Hung Au ; Roger Kc Ngan ; Sin-Ming Chow ; Foon-Yiu Cheung ; Yiu-Tung Fu ; Joseph Sk Au ; Stephen Ck LawSource :
- Radiation Oncology (London, England) [ 1748-717X ] ; 2011.
Abstract
To evaluate prognostic factors that may influence local control (LC) of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by primary radiotherapy (RT) with 6 MV photons.
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 433 consecutive patients with T1N0 glottic cancer treated between 1983 and 2005 by RT in our institution. All patients were treated with 6 MV photons. One hundred and seventy seven (41%) patients received 52.5 Gy in 23 fractions with 2.5 Gy/fraction, and 256 (59%) patients received 66 Gy in 33 fractions with 2 Gy/fraction.
The median follow-up time was 10.5 years. The 10-year LC rates were 91% and 87% for T1a and T1b respectively. Multivariate analysis showed LC rate was adversely affected by poorly differentiated histology (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 7.5,
The negative impact of anterior commissure involvement could be overcome by delivering a higher tumor BED through using fraction size of > 2.0 Gy. We recommend that fraction size > 2.0 Gy should be utilized, for radiation schedules with five daily fractions each week.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1748-717X-6-53
PubMed: 21600025
PubMed Central: 3124409
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3124409Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Impact and relationship of anterior commissure and time-dose factor on the local control of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by 6 MV photons</title><author><name sortKey="Tong, Chi Chung" sort="Tong, Chi Chung" uniqKey="Tong C" first="Chi-Chung" last="Tong">Chi-Chung Tong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Au, Kwok Hung" sort="Au, Kwok Hung" uniqKey="Au K" first="Kwok-Hung" last="Au">Kwok-Hung Au</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngan, Roger Kc" sort="Ngan, Roger Kc" uniqKey="Ngan R" first="Roger Kc" last="Ngan">Roger Kc Ngan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chow, Sin Ming" sort="Chow, Sin Ming" uniqKey="Chow S" first="Sin-Ming" last="Chow">Sin-Ming Chow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Foon Yiu" sort="Cheung, Foon Yiu" uniqKey="Cheung F" first="Foon-Yiu" last="Cheung">Foon-Yiu Cheung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Yiu Tung" sort="Fu, Yiu Tung" uniqKey="Fu Y" first="Yiu-Tung" last="Fu">Yiu-Tung Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Au, Joseph Sk" sort="Au, Joseph Sk" uniqKey="Au J" first="Joseph Sk" last="Au">Joseph Sk Au</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Law, Stephen Ck" sort="Law, Stephen Ck" uniqKey="Law S" first="Stephen Ck" last="Law">Stephen Ck Law</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21600025</idno><idno type="pmc">3124409</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124409</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3124409</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1748-717X-6-53</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000470</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000470</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Impact and relationship of anterior commissure and time-dose factor on the local control of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by 6 MV photons</title><author><name sortKey="Tong, Chi Chung" sort="Tong, Chi Chung" uniqKey="Tong C" first="Chi-Chung" last="Tong">Chi-Chung Tong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Au, Kwok Hung" sort="Au, Kwok Hung" uniqKey="Au K" first="Kwok-Hung" last="Au">Kwok-Hung Au</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngan, Roger Kc" sort="Ngan, Roger Kc" uniqKey="Ngan R" first="Roger Kc" last="Ngan">Roger Kc Ngan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chow, Sin Ming" sort="Chow, Sin Ming" uniqKey="Chow S" first="Sin-Ming" last="Chow">Sin-Ming Chow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Foon Yiu" sort="Cheung, Foon Yiu" uniqKey="Cheung F" first="Foon-Yiu" last="Cheung">Foon-Yiu Cheung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Yiu Tung" sort="Fu, Yiu Tung" uniqKey="Fu Y" first="Yiu-Tung" last="Fu">Yiu-Tung Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Au, Joseph Sk" sort="Au, Joseph Sk" uniqKey="Au J" first="Joseph Sk" last="Au">Joseph Sk Au</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Law, Stephen Ck" sort="Law, Stephen Ck" uniqKey="Law S" first="Stephen Ck" last="Law">Stephen Ck Law</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Radiation Oncology (London, England)</title><idno type="eISSN">1748-717X</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>To evaluate prognostic factors that may influence local control (LC) of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by primary radiotherapy (RT) with 6 MV photons.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 433 consecutive patients with T1N0 glottic cancer treated between 1983 and 2005 by RT in our institution. All patients were treated with 6 MV photons. One hundred and seventy seven (41%) patients received 52.5 Gy in 23 fractions with 2.5 Gy/fraction, and 256 (59%) patients received 66 Gy in 33 fractions with 2 Gy/fraction.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The median follow-up time was 10.5 years. The 10-year LC rates were 91% and 87% for T1a and T1b respectively. Multivariate analysis showed LC rate was adversely affected by poorly differentiated histology (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 7.5, <italic>p </italic>= 0.035); involvement of anterior commissure (HR: 2.34, <italic>p </italic>= 0.011); fraction size of 2.0 Gy (HR: 2.17, <italic>p </italic>= 0.035) and tumor biologically effective dose (BED) < 65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>(HR: 3.38, <italic>p </italic>= 0.017).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The negative impact of anterior commissure involvement could be overcome by delivering a higher tumor BED through using fraction size of > 2.0 Gy. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Radiat Oncol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Radiation Oncology (London, England)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1748-717X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21600025</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3124409</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1748-717X-6-53</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1748-717X-6-53</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Impact and relationship of anterior commissure and time-dose factor on the local control of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by 6 MV photons</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Tong</surname><given-names>Chi-Chung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>chichungtong@hkcr.org</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Au</surname><given-names>Kwok-Hung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>akhz01@ha.org.hk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Ngan</surname><given-names>Roger KC</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>ngankc@ha.org.hk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Chow</surname><given-names>Sin-Ming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>sinmingchow@hkcr.org</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>Cheung</surname><given-names>Foon-Yiu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>cheungfy@ha.org.hk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Fu</surname><given-names>Yiu-Tung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>fuyt@ha.org.hk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A7"><name><surname>Au</surname><given-names>Joseph SK</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>ausk@ha.org.hk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A8"><name><surname>Law</surname><given-names>Stephen CK</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>lawck@ha.org.hk</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>5</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>2</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>5</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©2011 Tong et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Tong et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.ro-journal.com/content/6/1/53"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>To evaluate prognostic factors that may influence local control (LC) of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by primary radiotherapy (RT) with 6 MV photons.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 433 consecutive patients with T1N0 glottic cancer treated between 1983 and 2005 by RT in our institution. All patients were treated with 6 MV photons. One hundred and seventy seven (41%) patients received 52.5 Gy in 23 fractions with 2.5 Gy/fraction, and 256 (59%) patients received 66 Gy in 33 fractions with 2 Gy/fraction.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The median follow-up time was 10.5 years. The 10-year LC rates were 91% and 87% for T1a and T1b respectively. Multivariate analysis showed LC rate was adversely affected by poorly differentiated histology (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 7.5, <italic>p </italic>= 0.035); involvement of anterior commissure (HR: 2.34, <italic>p </italic>= 0.011); fraction size of 2.0 Gy (HR: 2.17, <italic>p </italic>= 0.035) and tumor biologically effective dose (BED) < 65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>(HR: 3.38, <italic>p </italic>= 0.017).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The negative impact of anterior commissure involvement could be overcome by delivering a higher tumor BED through using fraction size of > 2.0 Gy. We recommend that fraction size > 2.0 Gy should be utilized, for radiation schedules with five daily fractions each week.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>T1N0 glottic cancer</kwd><kwd>radiotherapy</kwd><kwd>6 MV</kwd><kwd>anterior commissure</kwd><kwd>Biologically effective dose</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>Laryngeal cancer is the third most common head and neck (H&N) cancer in Hong Kong. The age-standardized incidence rate was 2.3 per 100,000 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>] and is comparable to those of other developed countries like USA, the Netherlands and Japan. In Hong Kong, around 95% of early glottic cancer (GC) patients were treated by primary radiotherapy (RT) alone [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>].</p><p>There is extensive published data regarding management of early GC treated by RT with Cobalt-60 or 2-4 megavoltage (MV) photons beam, with local control (LC) rates ranging from approximately 85-94% in T1N0 disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]. The reported treatment outcome of early GC by primary irradiation with 6 MV photons is limited and conflicting. Some authors reported comparable results with lower energies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>] whereas others raised concern about a poorer outcome [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. We present our institution's experience in this report.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Patient characteristics</title><p>In mid 2010, we conducted a retrospective analysis of laryngeal cancer patients referred to our center for radical treatment over a 26 year period between January 1983 to December 2005. A total of 1256 consecutive patients were identified. This retrospective study was approved by our Institutional Review Board and Ethics committee. According to the Hong Kong Cancer Registry, about a quarter of all laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed in Hong Kong over that period were treated in our institution. Out of the 1256 patients, there were 433 previously untreated patients with T1N0 GC.</p></sec><sec><title>Staging</title><p>All patients had full physical examination, routine blood counts, renal and liver function tests, chest x ray, endoscopic examination and biopsy for histology diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan of larynx and neck was performed in 412 (95%) patients. Patients were restaged according to UICC TNM 2002 classification [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> summarized the various patient, tumor and treatment parameters.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Patient, tumor and treatment parameters</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center">Parameters</th><th align="center">Patients no (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">Sex</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Male</td><td align="center">413 (95.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Female</td><td align="center">20 (4.6%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">T stage</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">T1a</td><td align="center">324 (74.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">T1b</td><td align="center">109 (25.1%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Grade</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Well differentiated</td><td align="center">154 (35.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Mod differentiated</td><td align="center">273 (63.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Poorly differentiated</td><td align="center">6 (1.3%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">AC involvement</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">197 (45.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">236 (54.1%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Hemoglobin level</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">≤ 13 g/dL</td><td align="center">45 (10.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">> 13 g/dL</td><td align="center">388 (89.6%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Field size (cm2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">< 30.5</td><td align="center">215</td></tr><tr><td align="center">30.5-35.5</td><td align="center">165</td></tr><tr><td align="center">≥ 35.5</td><td align="center">53</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">A. Dose fraction size</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.5 Gy</td><td align="center">177 (40.8)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Total dose (Gy)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">55</td><td align="center">30 (6.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">57.5</td><td align="center">134 (30.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">13 (3.0)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Tx duration (days)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">≤ 30</td><td align="center">25 (5.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">31-33</td><td align="center">141 (32.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">≥ 34</td><td align="center">11 (2.5)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">BEDcGy<sub>15 </sub>(cGy)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Median</td><td align="center">6520</td></tr><tr><td align="center">range</td><td align="center">6058-6820</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">B. Dose fraction size</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.0 Gy</td><td align="center">256 (59.1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Total dose (Gy)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">64</td><td align="center">52 (12.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">66</td><td align="center">202 (46.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">68</td><td align="center">2 (0.46)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Tx duration (days)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">≤ 45</td><td align="center">48 (11.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">46-50</td><td align="center">203 (46.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">≥ 51</td><td align="center">5 (1.5)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">BEDcGy<sub>15 </sub>(cGy)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Median</td><td align="center">6340</td></tr><tr><td align="center">range</td><td align="center">6040-6700</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>Abbreviations</italic>: AC = Anterior Commissure, Tx: treatment,</p><p>BEDcGy<sub>15 </sub>: Tumor biologically effective dose</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec><title>Radiotherapy Treatment</title><p>All patients were treated exclusively with 6-MV photons from linear accelerator (LA). They were treated in a supine position, immobilized with a customized cobex H&N cast. All patients received a continuous course of RT with once-daily fractionation, 5 fractions per week. All fields were equally weighted and treated in each fraction.</p></sec><sec><title>Field size and set up</title><p>All patients were treated with parallel-opposed fields, to cover the glottic larynx with 1-2 cm margins. The field size was obtained by multiplying the field length by the field width. It ranged from 22-38.5 cm<sup>2 </sup>(median: 27.5 cm<sup>2</sup>). Typically, the superior border was put at around the top of the thyroid cartilage, the inferior border at around the bottom of the cricoid cartilage; the anterior border extended beyond the skin surface and the posterior border placed at the anterior edge of vertebral body of the cervical vertebrae. Elective nodal irradiation was not given. Optimized wedge filters were used to improve the dose homogeneity. 0.5 cm thickness wax up bolus was used for diseases involving or close to the anterior commissure (AC). From February 1990, doses were prescribed to the 100% isodose line on a 2- dimensional plan derived from the plane of the patient contour at the level of the isocenter.</p></sec><sec><title>Dose and fractionation</title><p>RT dose was prescribed at the midline along the central axis or recalculated at the ICRU reference point. Between the period of 1983-1988 and 1996-2005, patients were treated with a fraction size of 2.0 Gy whereas during 1989-1995, a fraction size of 2.5 Gy was utilized because of constraints in LA machine in our hospital.</p><p>We opted to compute the tumor biologically effective dose (BED) by using the standard linear quadratic formula (LQ) with time factors corrected: [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]<disp-formula><graphic xlink:href="1748-717X-6-53-i1.gif"></graphic></disp-formula></p><p>where <italic>n </italic>fractions of <italic>d </italic>Gy are given in an overall time of <italic>T </italic>days and kick off time (<italic>T</italic>k) for tumor repopulation. We assume α/β = 15 for laryngeal cancer [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>], <italic>T</italic>k = 28 for tumor[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>], <italic>T</italic>p = average cell number doubling time during continuing radiation, 3 days for tumor[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. Alpha (α) = 0.35 Gy<sup>-1 </sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>][coefficient of non-repairable injury, log cell kill (exponentially-based logs) per gray of dose].</p><p>One hundred and seventy-seven (40.8%) were treated with a dose fraction size of 2.5 Gy, with total dose of 55-60 Gy (median: 57.5 Gy), within a treatment duration of 30-38 days (median 31 days). The most commonly used dose-fractionation schedule was 57.5 Gy in 23 fractions. Tumor BEDGy<sub>15 </sub>ranged from 60.5 to 68.2 Gy<sub>15 </sub>(median = 65.2 Gy<sub>15</sub>).</p><p>Two hundred and fifty- six (59.1%) patients were treated with a dose fraction size of 2.0 Gy, with a total dose of 64-68 Gy (median: 66 Gy), within a treatment duration of 44-58 days (median: 46). The most commonly used dose-fractionation schedule was 66 Gy in 33 fractions. Tumor BEDGy<sub>15 </sub>ranged from 60.4 to 67.0 Gy<sub>15 </sub>(median = 63.4 Gy<sub>15</sub>).</p></sec><sec><title>Follow up and assessment</title><p>All patients underwent evaluation of response to treatment by endoscopy examination at 6 to 8 weeks after completion of RT treatment. Patients were regularly seen once every two or three months during the initial 2 years and then six-monthly up to 5 years and then yearly thereafter.</p></sec><sec><title>Complications</title><p>Acute and chronic complications were scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Local and neck failure was defined as clinically/radiological detectable disease in larynx and cervical lymph node (LN) respectively. Distant metastasis (DM) was defined as clinically or radiologically detectable disease outside the larynx and cervical LN. Clinicopathologic parameters that were analyzed included age (<61 vs. 61-70 vs. >71), gender (male vs. female), pre-treatment hemoglobin (Hb) level (<13.0 vs. ≥13.0 g/dl), T sub-stage (T1a vs. T1b), tumor grading (well vs. moderate vs. poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma), involvement of AC (yes vs. no). Treatment parameters included dose fraction size (2.0 Gy vs. 2.5 Gy), BEDGy<sub>15 </sub>given (< 65.0 Gy<sub>15 </sub>vs. ≥ 65.0 Gy<sub>15</sub>), treatment field size in cm<sup>2 </sup>(< 30.5 vs. 30.5 - 35.5 vs. > 35.5), and treatment period (1983-1990 vs. 1991-2000 vs. 2001-2005).</p><p>All time-related events were measured from date of the first RT treatment. The actuarial local/neck failure rate and ultimate local/neck failure rate were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Difference of the endpoints stratified by the various prognostic factors were evaluated by the Log- rank test.</p><p>Cox proportional hazard model was used for both univariate and multivariate analysis to determine the hazard ratios and significance of potential risk factors for local control (LC). All statistical tests were two-sided and performed at the 0.05 level of significance (<italic>p </italic>value). Only factors with a level of significance less than 0.05 in univariate analysis would be further analyzed in the multivariate analysis. We used SPSS, version 15.0, (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) for all statistical analyses.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Results</title><sec><title>Local and Neck control</title><p>The median follow-up time was 10.5 years (range 3.3 - 26.6 years). The clinical course of this patient cohort is shown in figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>. The 5-year and 10-year LC rates for T1a group were 92% and 91% respectively whereas those for T1b group were 89% and 87% respectively (figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2a</xref>).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>Clinical Course</bold>. <italic>Abbreviations: </italic>pts = patients; RT = radiotherapy.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1748-717X-6-53-1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>Local control rate according to T sub-stage; AC involvement; Fraction size; tumor BEDGy</bold><sub><bold>15</bold></sub>. a. T sub stage (T1a vs T1b). b. AC involvement (AC - vs AC +). c. fraction size (2.5 Gy vs 2.0 Gy). d. Tumor BEDGy<sub>15 </sub>(<65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>vs ≧ 65 Gy<sub>15</sub>). <italic>Abbreviations: </italic>AC: anterior commissure; AC--: absence of AC involvement; AC+: presence of AC involvement; BED: biologically effective dose.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1748-717X-6-53-2"></graphic></fig><p>Complete response (CR) was achieved in 430 (99.3%) patients, while 3 (0.7%) patients had residual disease/disease progression at vocal cord(s) at 8 weeks after completion of RT. Thirty-six (8.3%) among the 430 patients who achieved CR had their first relapse observed at a median interval of 15 months after completion of RT treatment. All first relapses occurred in the laryngeal glottis and none of them occurred in neck LNs or distant sites.</p></sec><sec><title>Salvage surgery after recurrence/residual disease</title><p>Of the 39 patients who developed local recurrence or persistent disease, 36 were salvaged by total laryngectomy. Three patients refused or were not considered medically fit for salvage treatment. Seven patients developed second relapse or progression as regional or distant metastasis despite total laryngectomy, resulting in overall ultimate disease failure in 10 patients. This resulted in an ultimate 10 year LC of 97%. Larynx preservation was achieved in 394 (91%) patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Complications</title><p>RT was well tolerated by all patients. No patient had grade III or IV toxicity that necessitated treatment interruption >3 days, nasogastric tube feeding, intravenous fluid supplement or tracheostomy. There is no clinical or radiological chondroradionecrosis that warranted laryngectomy.</p></sec><sec><title>Factors affecting Local Control</title><p>On multivariate analysis, LC was adversely affected by poorly differentiated histology (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 7.5, <italic>p </italic>= 0.035); involvement of AC (HR: 2.34, <italic>p </italic>= 0.011); fraction dose size of 2.0 Gy (HR: 2.17, <italic>p </italic>= 0.035) and tumor BEDGy<sub>15 </sub>< 65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>(HR: 3.38, <italic>p </italic>= 0.017) [table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors affecting local control</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center">Parameters</th><th align="center">Events/patients</th><th align="center">Uni-variate analysis</th><th align="center" colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th colspan="3"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th align="center"><italic>P </italic>value</th><th align="center">HR (95% CI)</th><th align="center"><italic>P </italic>value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">Age</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><61</td><td align="center">18/142</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">61-70</td><td align="center">15/153</td><td align="center">0.302</td><td align="center">_</td><td align="center">_</td></tr><tr><td align="center">>70</td><td align="center">9/138</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Sex</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Male</td><td align="center">41/413</td><td align="center">0.445</td><td align="center">_</td><td align="center">_</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Female</td><td align="center">1/20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Sub-stage</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">T1A</td><td align="center">28/324</td><td align="center">0.24</td><td align="center">_</td><td align="center">_</td></tr><tr><td align="center">T1B</td><td align="center">14/109</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Grade</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Well diff</td><td align="center">9/154</td><td></td><td align="center">1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Mod diff</td><td align="center">29/273</td><td align="center">0.0001*</td><td align="center">1.91 (1.2-3.85)</td><td align="center">0.035*</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Poorly diff</td><td align="center">4/6</td><td></td><td align="center">7.5 (3.42-15.24)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Hb</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">< 13.0</td><td align="center">6/45</td><td align="center">0.367</td><td align="center">_</td><td align="center">_</td></tr><tr><td align="center">≥ 13.0</td><td align="center">36/388</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">AC</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">14/236</td><td align="center">0.004*</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">0.011*</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">28/197</td><td></td><td align="center">2.34 (1.21-4.52)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Field size (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><30.5</td><td align="center">35/215</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">30.5-35.5</td><td align="center">7/165</td><td align="center">0.534</td><td align="center">_</td><td align="center">_</td></tr><tr><td align="center">> 35.5</td><td align="center">0/53</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Dose size</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.0 Gy</td><td align="center">32/256</td><td align="center">0.021*</td><td align="center">2.17 (1.28-4.18)</td><td align="center">0.035*</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.5 Gy</td><td align="center">10/177</td><td></td><td align="center">1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Tumor BED</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">< 65 (Gy<sub>15</sub>)</td><td align="center">29/239</td><td align="center">0.025*</td><td align="center">3.38 (1.29-7.83)</td><td align="center">0.017*</td></tr><tr><td align="center">≥ 65 (Gy<sub>15</sub>)</td><td align="center">13/194</td><td></td><td align="center">1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Tx period</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">1983-1990</td><td align="center">10/115</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="center">1991-2000</td><td align="center">25/224</td><td align="center">0.643</td><td align="center">_</td><td align="center">_</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2001-2005</td><td align="center">7/94</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>Abbreviations</italic>: HR = Hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; Gy = Gray;</p><p>diff = differentiated; AC = anterior commissure; BED = Biologically Effective Dose;</p><p>* = statistically significant</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2b</xref> depicts LC rate according to presence of AC involvement. There was a significant difference in LC between those with presence of AC involvement and without AC involvement (86% vs. 95% at 5 years, 85% vs. 94% at 10 years (<italic>p </italic>= 0.011). Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2c</xref> depicts LC rate according to fraction size. There was a significant difference between the 2.0 Gy group and the 2.5 Gy group (89% vs. 95% at 5 years; 87% vs. 95% at 10 year, <italic>p </italic>= 0.035). Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2d</xref> depicts LC rate according to tumor BEDGy<sub>15</sub>. There was a significant difference between the group with tumor BED < 65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>vs. the group with tumor BED ≥ 65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>(90% vs. 96% at 5 years; 88% vs. 96% at 10 years, <italic>p </italic>= 0.017).</p><p>We further categorized patients into 4 groups (A1-A4) according to involvement of AC and fraction size (category- A) or another 4 groups (B1-B4) according to involvement of AC and tumor BED (category-B), i.e. (A1) no AC involvement with fraction size of 2.5 Gy, (A2) no AC involvement with fraction size of 2.0 Gy, (A3) presence of AC involvement with fraction size of 2.5 Gy, (A4) presence of AC involvement with fraction size of 2.0 Gy [table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>]; (B1) no AC involvement and BED Gy<sub>15</sub>≥ 65 Gy<sub>15</sub>, (B2) no AC involvement and BED Gy<sub>15</sub>< 65 Gy<sub>15</sub>, (B3) presence of AC involvement and BED Gy<sub>15</sub>≧65 Gy<sub>15</sub>, (B4) presence of AC involvement and BED Gy15 <65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>[table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Category- A: grouping according to AC involvement and fraction size</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th align="center">AC-</th><th align="center">AC+</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">2.5 Gy/fraction</td><td align="center">94 (A1)</td><td align="center">83 (A3)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.0 Gy/fraction</td><td align="center">142 (A2)</td><td align="center">114 (A4)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Category- B: grouping according to AC involvement and BED</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th align="center">AC-</th><th align="center">AC+</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">BED ≥ 65 Gy<sub>15</sub></td><td align="center">94 (B1)</td><td align="center">100 (B3)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">BED < 65 Gy<sub>15</sub></td><td align="center">142 (B2)</td><td align="center">97 (B4)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>Abbreviations</italic>: AC = anterior commissure; BED = Biologically Effective Dose</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>There was a statistically significant difference in LC rates among 4 groups in category-A: 96% vs. 93% vs. 91% vs. 82% respectively at 5 years; 96% vs. 92% vs. 91% vs.79% respectively at 10 year (<italic>p </italic>= 0.002) [figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3a</xref>]. Again, similar statistically significant difference in LC rates was also observed among 4 groups in category-B: 96% vs. 92% vs. 89% vs.82% at 5 years; 96% vs. 92% vs. 89% vs. 80% respectively at 10 year <italic>p</italic>= 0.003 [figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3b</xref>].</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>Local control rate according fraction size, tumor BED 15, AC involvement.</bold> a. fraction size, together with AC involvement. b. tumor BED G15, together with AC involvement. Abbreviations: AC: anterior commissure tumor BED Gy<sub>15</sub>: tumor biologically effective dose N: patients numbers AC-- : absence of AC involvement AC+: presence of AC involvement .</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1748-717X-6-53-3"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>In western countries, both definitive RT and conservative surgery (endoscopic laser surgery/open organ preserving surgery) are accepted standard treatment modalities for stage one GC [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. A survey conducted in eleven regions/countries in Asia revealed that in regions following the 'British school' like Hong Kong and Singapore, RT alone has remained the primary treatment modality for early laryngeal cancers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. As laser surgery has become more popular since Stener's landmark report [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>], it is expected that it will be increasingly employed in local institutions.</p><p>Focusing on primary irradiation, there is extensive literature regarding the efficacy and prognostic factors for RT in early GC [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. All data except one series [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>] was retrospective series. Broadly, prognostic factors can be divided into patient/tumor- as well as treatment- related factors. Apart from stage, other patient or tumor prognostic factors have been reported, including tumor bulk [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>], bilaterality [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>], AC involvement (see below), tumor grade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>] and hemoglobin level [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. Radiation treatment- related factors included dose fraction size, total dose, overall treatment time (OTT) [see below].</p><p>The majority of these published data were derived from patients treated by Cobalt-60 machine or LA generating 2-4 MV photons [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. In many RT centers, these therapy units have been decommissioned. With a general shift from the use of Cobalt-60 to LA treatment units, it is anticipated that 6 MV photon beams generated by LA will become the prevailing workhorse for treatment in clinical practice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">5</xref> showed published results for T1N0 GC treated with 6 MV photons in the recent two decades.</p><table-wrap id="T5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Reports in literature on results of T1N0 glottic cancer treated with 6 MV photons</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center">Author year [ref]</th><th align="center">Patients no</th><th align="center">Total Dose (Gy)</th><th align="center">Dose size (Gy)</th><th align="center">Local Control (5 year)%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">Akine et al. 1991 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]</td><td align="center">151</td><td align="center">62.5-67.5</td><td align="center">2.0-2.4</td><td align="center">89</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Fein et al. 1996 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]</td><td align="center">43</td><td align="center">66</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">95</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Foote et al. 1996 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]</td><td align="center">27</td><td align="center">63</td><td align="center">2.25</td><td align="center">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Lee et al. 2001 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]</td><td align="center">86</td><td align="center">66</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">T1a: 82<break></break>T1b: 76</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Gowda et al. 2003 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]</td><td align="center">100</td><td align="center">50-52.5</td><td align="center">3.12-3.28</td><td align="center">T1a: 93<break></break>T1b: 89</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Franchin et al. 2003 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]</td><td align="center">323</td><td align="center">63-65.2</td><td align="center">2.25</td><td align="center">T1: 90</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Sjögren et al. 2009 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]</td><td align="center">59</td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">2.0-2.8</td><td align="center">T1a: 87<break></break>T1b: 85</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">current study</td><td align="center">433</td><td align="center">57.5-66</td><td align="center">2.0-2.5</td><td align="center">T1a: 92<break></break>T1b: 89</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>The impact of AC involvement on the RT treatment outcome of early GC is still controversial. The so called AC or Broyle's tendon is the insertion of vocalis tendon into thyroid cartilage in the area of AC. This is considered as a weak point for tumor spread because in this area, there is no thyroid cartilage perichondrium to resist tumor spread. Although some data suggested that AC involvement portended a worse prognosis, it has not been included in the staging system.</p><p>In the recent two decades, many authors identified AC involvement as one of the independent poor prognostic factors in LC for T1N0 GC treated by primary RT [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. In a recent report by Smee et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>], it was found that AC involvement was one of the independent poor prognostic factors for LC as well as cause specific survival. One explanation is related to the possibility of 'understaging' without CT scan staging, as patients might have a larger tumor burden anteriorly, and in some cases unrecognized subglottic extension [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. In our patient cohort, since 95% of patients had evaluation by CT scan, the issue of under-staging should be minimal.</p><p>Another probable reason is the theoretical risk of under-dosage at the air- tissue interface with the depth-dose characteristics of 6 MV photons compared with those of Cobalt-60 beam. This is related to inadequate tissue present at the area of AC where the neck is thin, as well as lack of electronic equilibrium at the air-tissue interface which might be more pronounced with high-energy photons treated with small field size [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>]. Hence, poorer coverage of the prescribed dose to the tumor may occur in early glottic tumors with AC involvement, particularly when treated with 6 MV photons. Sombeck et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>] performed a dosimetric evaluation comparing 6MV photons with Cobalt-60 beam. They revealed that there was no significant difference in the dose received at any point along the vocal cords. On the other hand, a recent study by Spirydovich [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>] demonstrated a significant under- dosage occurring at the air-tissue interface of larynx treated by 6 MV photons. The authors performed Monte Carlo dose calculation to CT-based mathematical neck. They identified that at least 5% of a hypothetical tumor of 3.5 cm<sup>3 </sup>received less than 86% of the maximum tumor dose in neck that contains air cavities in comparison to 91% of the maximum tumor dose in the homogeneous neck.</p><p>However, some other major reports did not reveal the impact of AC on LC of early glottic cancer [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>].</p><p>With regard to the impact of dose fraction size for early glottic disease, there is little controversy that inferior LC is associated with fraction size < 2.0 Gy when patients are treated once daily, 5 days per week [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>].</p><p>Among the reports published in the literature, the common contemporary irradiation schedules for T1N0 GC included: 66 Gy in 33 fractions in 6.5 weeks, 63 Gy in 28 fractions in 5.5 weeks, and 60 Gy in 25 fractions in 5 weeks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>]. In fact, a prospective randomized study from Yamazaki et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>] demonstrated a statistically superior 5-year LC rate of 92% for patients treated with fraction size of 2.25 Gy compared with 77% for those treated with 2.0 Gy.</p><p>Besides, many reports have shown that prolonging OTT in T1N0 GC has an adverse impact on LC and dose compensation is needed to maintain the tumor control probability. Indeed, several authors have highlighted the complex inter- relationship among the variables of total dose, fraction size and OTT [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>].</p><p>Fowler [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>] commented that according to radiobiological principles, even if there would be a positive effect of increasing total dose or fraction size on LC, and a strong negative effect of treatment prolongation, these effects become minimal where the LC was already at a very high level, because of the plateau of the slope of the sigmoid- shaped dose-response curve above 70 or 80%. This theoretical postulation has also been verified by observations reported. Fein et al.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] and Le et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>] did not observe a relationship between fraction size and LC. Although there was a trend for higher LC in patients treated with fraction size of ~2.25 Gy when compared to smaller fraction size, the difference did not reach statistical significance. The authors attributed the lack of difference to the low recurrence rate in T1 lesions, thus under- powering the studies to demonstrate a significant relationship between fraction size and LC.</p><p>The debate over these discrepancies was rebuffed after the impact of shortening of OTT in LC of H&N cancers was confirmed in randomized trials with accelerated schedules. Both the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study Group study (DAHANCA 6 & 7) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>] and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA- ACC) trial [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>] delivered six fractions per week but keeping same total dose, enabled a treatment of 66 Gy in 33 fractions to be given in 8 days less than the conventional schedule. They revealed a 10-12% improvement in LC of H&N cancers (especially for early laryngeal cancer subset) upon shortened OTT. It appeared that by shortening the OTT, treatment outcome is improved as accelerated repopulation of tumor clonogens would be reduced. But these accelerated schedules are also shown to have more acute radiation toxicity in terms of severe skin reactions, confluent mucositis necessitating tube feeding.</p><p>In evaluating the efficacy of various fractionation schedules, we opted to test the impact of tumor BEDGy<sub>15 </sub>which incorporates the components of fraction size, OTT and total dose. Our analysis shows that tumor BED ≥ 65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>is associated with better LC. Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">6</xref> illustrated the common radiation schedules in which fraction size is > 2.0 Gy, the resulting tumor BEDGy<sub>15 </sub>would be > 65 Gy<sub>15 </sub>but the BEDs for both early mucosa and late normal tissues are well below the corresponding dose constraints for complications [aim at 59-63 Gy<sub>10 </sub>for acute mucosa; < 117 Gy<sub>3 </sub>for late normal tissue respectively] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Calculated tumor BED (Gy<sub>15</sub>), acute mucosal BED (Gy<sub>10</sub>) and late normal tissue BED (Gy<sub>3</sub>) for common radiation schedules</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center">Dose size (Gy)</th><th align="center">Fraction number</th><th align="center">Total dose (Gy)</th><th align="center">Overall treatment time (OTT) in days</th><th align="center">Tumor BED (Gy<sub>15</sub>)</th><th align="center"><bold>Acute Mucosal BED (Gy<sub>10</sub>) (aim 59-63 Gy<sub>10</sub>) </bold>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]</th><th align="center"><bold>Late normal BED (Gy<sub>3</sub>) (aim <117 Gy<sub>3</sub>) </bold>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]</th><th align="center">references</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">2.0</td><td align="center">33</td><td align="center">66</td><td align="center">45</td><td align="center">64.60</td><td align="center">49.1</td><td align="center">110</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>] & current study</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.25</td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center">63</td><td align="center">38</td><td align="center">66.45</td><td align="center">52.62</td><td align="center">110.2</td><td align="center">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.5</td><td align="center">23</td><td align="center">57.5</td><td align="center">31</td><td align="center">65.28</td><td align="center">52.87</td><td align="center">105.4</td><td align="center">current study</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>BED = biologically effective dose</p><p>= total dose (1 + fraction size/[α/β]) - log<sub>e </sub>2 (<italic>OTT </italic>-<italic>T</italic>k)/α<italic>T</italic>p [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]</p><p>Assume: 1. α/β = 15 for laryngeal cancer [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]</p><p>2. <italic>T</italic>k: kick off time (<italic>T</italic>k) for tumor repopulation = 28 days [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]</p><p>3. <italic>T</italic>p = average cell number doubling time during continuing radiation, 3 days for tumor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]</p><p>4. Alpha (α) = [coefficient of non-repairable injury, log cell kill (exponentially-based logs) per gray of dose]</p><p>= 0.35 Gy<sup>-1 </sup>(14)]</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Since the treatment field size for T1N0 GC is small, it permits slight hypofractionated schedule without causing excessive acute radiation toxicity. Shortened OTT overcomes the accelerated repopulation of tumor clonogens.</p><p>This also supports the current contemporary practice of fraction dose size > 2.0 Gy (i.e. 2.25 Gy) for treatment of T1N0 GC by other centers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]</p><p>To the best of our knowledge, our report is the largest study on RT outcomes in T1N0 GC primarily treated with 6 MV photons. As the treatment of choice for early GC in our institution or Hong Kong at large has been and in the near future will still be RT alone [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>], this represents a relatively unselected cohort of patients. While this study spans a considerable period of time, the clinical evaluation and treatment techniques have been consistent over the years, thus allowing a valid analysis to be performed. Our results demonstrate that the LC rate with primary RT with 6 MV photons is comparable and agrees with other reports of "unremarkable" treatment outcome difference when comparing Cobalt-60 beam and 6 MV photons [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>].</p><sec><title>However, we observe that AC involvement is associated with a poor LC rate</title><p>We suspect that the issue of 'cold spot' is more apparent at the AC region, especially when treated with 6MV photons. Certainly, further dosimetric evaluation is needed to validate this suspicion. While involvement of AC is an adverse prognostic factor, we have shown that its negative impact can be overcome by delivering a higher tumor BED (≧ 65 Gy<sub>15</sub>). In order to achieve this tumor BED level in conventional schedule of five daily fractionation each week, we recommend that fraction size > 2.0 Gy should be utilized. In fact, modest hypofractionation is safe and effective for T1N0 GC in terms of both LC and morbidity. Having a shorter OTT is more convenient for patients and is also more cost- effective for RT facility implication.</p><p>Nevertheless, the results need to be interpreted with caution, because the current report was a retrospective, single institution study and therefore subjected to biases. For example, we did not have volume measurements on tumor, which has been shown in other reports as one of the important prognostic factors in LC [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. In fact, AC involvement may reflect "tumor bulk" and thus may represent a surrogate marker for tumor volume. We suggest the degree of AC involvement should be further defined to better evaluate and confirm its significance in outcome prognostication. We also agree with some authors that the degree of AC involvement should be incorporated into the new UICC staging system for better comparison of results among various studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>]. Besides, modification of the RT treatment technique like adding anterior field/anterior oblique field can be considered to combat under-dosage at AC [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Our data concur with other published result about the efficacy of RT with 6 MV photons for T1N0 GC. While involvement of AC is associated with poor LC rate, its negative impact could be overcome by delivering a higher tumor BED through using fraction size of >2.0 Gy. We recommend that fraction size > 2.0 Gy should be utilized, for radiation schedules with five daily fractions each week.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' contributions</title><p>CCT participated in the study's design and coordination, performed acquisition of data and drafted the manuscript. KHA and FYC participated in data analysis and revised the manuscript. RKCN and SMC participated in study's design and revised the manuscript. JSKA, YTF and SCKL revised manuscript critically for important intellectual content. 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