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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Recent Developments in the Speciation and Determination of Mercury Using Various Analytical Techniques</title><author><name sortKey="Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana" sort="Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana" uniqKey="Suvarapu L" first="Lakshmi Narayana" last="Suvarapu">Lakshmi Narayana Suvarapu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 712 749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baek, Sung Ok" sort="Baek, Sung Ok" uniqKey="Baek S" first="Sung-Ok" last="Baek">Sung-Ok Baek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 712 749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26236539</idno><idno type="pmc">4506829</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506829</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4506829</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/372459</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000038</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000038</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Recent Developments in the Speciation and Determination of Mercury Using Various Analytical Techniques</title><author><name sortKey="Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana" sort="Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana" uniqKey="Suvarapu L" first="Lakshmi Narayana" last="Suvarapu">Lakshmi Narayana Suvarapu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 712 749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baek, Sung Ok" sort="Baek, Sung Ok" uniqKey="Baek S" first="Sung-Ok" last="Baek">Sung-Ok Baek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 712 749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-8865</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-8873</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper reviews the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma techniques, spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography. Approximately 126 research papers on the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques published in international journals since 2013 are reviewed.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suvarapu, L N" uniqKey="Suvarapu L">L. N. Suvarapu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Y K" uniqKey="Seo Y">Y.-K. Seo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baek, S O" uniqKey="Baek S">S.-O. Baek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marumoto, K" uniqKey="Marumoto K">K. Marumoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imai, S" uniqKey="Imai S">S. Imai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Panichev, N A" uniqKey="Panichev N">N. A. Panichev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panichev And Panicheva, S E" uniqKey="Panichev And Panicheva S">S. E. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Anal Methods Chem</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Anal Methods Chem</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAMC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-8865</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-8873</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26236539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4506829</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/372459</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Recent Developments in the Speciation and Determination of Mercury Using Various Analytical Techniques</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suvarapu</surname><given-names>Lakshmi Narayana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baek</surname><given-names>Sung-Ok</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 712 749, Republic of Korea</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Lakshmi Narayana Suvarapu: <email>suvarapu@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Antony C. Calokerinos</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>372459</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>8</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 L. N. Suvarapu and S.-O. Baek.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>This paper reviews the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma techniques, spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography. Approximately 126 research papers on the speciation and determination of mercury by various analytical techniques published in international journals since 2013 are reviewed.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Mercury, which is also known as quick silver, is only the metal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>) in the modern periodic table that exists in liquid form at room temperature. The sources of mercury in the environment include the natural processes, such as breakdown of minerals in rocks and volcanic activities. The anthropogenic sources are not limited to mining and the burning of fossil fuels. Regarding the toxicity of mercury and its different species, methylmercury poisoning affects the nervous system of humans and damages the brain and kidneys [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. Most of the mercury emitted into the environment is converted to methylmercury, which spreads to the food chain due to the bioaccumulation nature of methylmercury [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Owing to the toxicity nature and bioaccumulation nature of mercury, most studies in this area have focused on the determination of mercury and its species in various environmental and biological samples.</p><p>Marumoto and Imai [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] reported the determination of dissolved gaseous mercury in the seawater of Minamata Bay of Japan. This study also estimated the exchange of mercury across the air-sea interface. Panichev and Panicheva [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] reported the determination of the total mercury content in fish and sea products by thermal decomposition atomic absorption spectrometry. Fernández-Martínez et al. [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] evaluated different digestion systems for the determination of mercury with CV-AFS (cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer) in seaweeds. Pinedo-Hernández et al. [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] examined the speciation and bioavailability of mercury in sediments that had been impacted by gold mining in Colombia.</p><p>This paper presented the recent developments in this topic after a previous review published in 2013 [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. The present study reviews the recent developments in the speciation and determination studies of mercury reported and published since 2013. For this purpose, approximately 136 research papers published were reviewed. All the analytical parameters such as limit of detection, linearity range, and interference study reported by the reviewed papers are presented in Tables 1–4 [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>–<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]. This extensive collection of literature and the analytical parameters of the reviewed papers established the recent developments in the determination and speciation studies of mercury using a range of analytical techniques.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>2. Discussion</title><p>The toxicity and bioaccumulation nature of mercury has prompted extensive studies to determine the concentrations of mercury species in different environmental and biological samples. This paper reviewed a large number of studies on the determination and speciation of toxic metals including mercury. The reviews regarding the determination of mercury published since 2013 are discussed hereunder.</p><p>Suvarapu et al. [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] reviewed research papers published between 2010 and 2011 regarding the speciation and determination of mercury using a variety of analytical techniques. They concluded that most researchers prefer cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) and atomic absorption spectrofluorometry (CV-AFS) for the speciation and determination studies of mercury in various environmental samples. Suvarapu et al. [<xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>] also reviewed research papers published in 2012 regarding the determination of mercury in various environmental samples. El-Shahawi and Al-Saidi [<xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>] reviewed the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method for the speciation and determination of metal ions including mercury. This review concluded that the method of DLLME has the advantages of simplicity, speed, and low cost for the determination of metal ions using various analytical techniques. Ferreira et al. [<xref rid="B136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>] reviewed the use of reflux systems for the sample preparation in the determination of elements, such as arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, and mercury. This study concluded that the use of the reflux systems is very rare in the determination of elements, such as Hg. Gao et al. [<xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>] reviewed the application of chemical vapor generation method for the determination of metal ions, such as mercury and cadmium with ICP-MS. Sańchez et al. [<xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>] reviewed the determination of trace elements including mercury present in petroleum products using ICP techniques. This study concluded that the electrothermal vaporization and laser ablation methods were promising for the analysis of petroleum for trace elements. Martín-Yerga et al. [<xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>] reviewed the determination of mercury using electrochemical methods. This study discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the use of different electrodes in the determination of mercury. Chang et al. [<xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>] reviewed the detection of heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, and mercury in water samples using graphene based sensors. This study concluded that it is a very challenging task to detect heavy metals in water in real time due to the interference of large chemical and biological species in water. Yu and Wang [<xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>] reviewed the determination of metal ions including mercury by atomic spectrometry by applying flow-based sample pretreatment methods. They concluded that the ICP-AES, AAS, AFS, and ICP-MS are the major detection techniques for trace metal analysis. Yin et al. [<xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>] reviewed the speciation analysis of mercury, arsenic, and selenium using a range of analytical techniques. Gao and Huang [<xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>] reviewed the determination of mercury(II) ions by voltammetry and concluded that stripping voltammetry is still an active field of research regarding the determination of mercury. Duarte et al. [<xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>] reviewed disposable sensors and electrochemical sensors for the environmental monitoring of Pb, Cd, and Hg. They recommended the recycling of materials used in sensors for future studies. Recently, Ferreira et al. [<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>] reviewed the analytical strategies of sample preparation for the determination of mercury in food matrices.</p><p>In recent days, few research papers were published about the determination and analysis of mercury species in various environmental and biological samples and some of them are discussed hereunder. Lima et al. [<xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>] reported an efficient method for the determination of mercury in inorganic fertilizers by using CV-AAS combined with microwave-induced plasma spectrometry. Pelcová et al. [<xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>] reported the simultaneous determination of mercury species by LC-AFS with a low detection limit of 13–38 ng L<sup>−1</sup>. Chen et al. [<xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>] reported a colorimetric method for the determination of mercury ions based on gold nanoparticles and thiocyanuric acid. Fernández et al. [<xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>] reported gold nanostructured screen-printed carbon electrodes for the determination of mercury using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Fernández-Martínez et al. [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] evaluated the different digestion systems for determination of mercury in seaweeds using CV-AFS. Silva et al. [<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>] determined the trace amounts of mercury in alcohol vinegar samples collected from Salvador, Bahia of Brazil. Jarujamrus et al. [<xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>] reported a colorimetric method using unmodified silver nanoparticles for the determination of mercury in water samples. A highly selective method for the determination of mercury using a glassy carbon electrode modified with nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> and multiwalled carbon nanotubes in river and industrial wastewater was reported by Mao et al. [<xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>].</p><p>As mentioned in our previous review [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>], spectrometric techniques are used widely by many researchers for the determination of mercury over the world. Regarding the determination of mercury with various analytical instruments in the papers reviewed, more than 55% of the researchers used spectrometric instruments, such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma techniques (ICP-OES, AES, and MS), and atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>). ICP-MS technique has an advantage of low detection limits and wide range of linearity in the determination of mercury [<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>]. Around 20% of the researchers chose the spectrophotometer and spectrofluorometer (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Table 2</xref>) for the determination and speciation of mercury. Approximately 10% of researchers in the papers reviewed used electrochemical instruments for the determination and speciation studies of mercury (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Table 3</xref>). Only a few authors chose the HPLC, GC, and other techniques (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Table 4</xref>) but they coupled these instruments with AAS or other instruments. Regarding the analysis of the environmental biological samples for mercury and its species, most researchers analyzed various water samples (drinking, seawater, wastewater, river, and lake waters) followed by food samples (mostly fish), human hair, and ambient air. Only a few authors determined the concentration of mercury in ambient air and atmospheric particulate matter [<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>, <xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>, <xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>, <xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>, <xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]. Various measurement techniques that can be available for the determination of mercury species in ambient air were reviewed by Pandey et al. [<xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>]. This study also concluded that most of the researchers preferred CV-AAS and CV-AFS technique for the measurement of different mercury species in ambient air. In comparison of methods, acid digestion and thermal method, for the analysis of mercury in ambient air acid digestion, is better than thermal method. By the thermal methods the values can be obtained 30% lower than the acid digestion method [<xref rid="B156" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>].</p><p>In the analysis of mercury species in various environmental samples, selectivity and range of linearity of the method also play a major role due to the presence of multielements in the real samples. Based on the present study, most of the spectrophotometric, spectrofluorometric, and electroanalytical methods were discussed regarding the interfering ion studies and linearity range of the method. These studies will give a clear picture about the determination of mercury species in presence of other ions which validates the methods.</p><p>Regarding the merits of the different methods for speciation and analysis of mercury, the usage of nonchromatographic methods has an advantage in terms of speed of analysis, inexpensiveness, and convenience to find the mercury in various environmental samples. But for the complete speciation studies of mercury in biological and environmental samples chromatographic methods are useful [<xref rid="B157" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>]. The validity of analytical methods can be enhanced with the analysis of the certified reference materials along with the real samples. In recent years, the researchers mostly preferred GC coupled with AFS or ICP-MS for the determination and speciation of mercury in natural waters [<xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>]. In electroanalytical methods, the validity of the methods depends on various factors such as type of electrode, preconcentration, and supporting materials [<xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>] and these methods are cost-effective, selective, and sensitive [<xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>3. Conclusions</title><p>The present study revealed the recent developments in the determination and speciation studies of mercury by a range of analytical techniques. Our previous study [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] also described the challenges in the methodology for mercury determination. This review showed that most researchers focused on the determination of Hg(II) rather than speciation studies. On the other hand, the speciation studies [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>, <xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>, <xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>, <xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>, <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>, <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>, <xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>, <xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>, <xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>] accurately revealed the toxicity of mercury rather than the total mercury or single species determinations. In the papers reviewed, most researchers were aware of the interfering ions in the determination of mercury and its different forms. In the analytical method, a study of interfering ions is very important because it can predict the selectivity of the method. In future studies, it will be important to focus on speciation studies of mercury rather than a determination of the total mercury.</p></sec></body><back><sec sec-type="conflict"><title>Conflict of Interests</title><p>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)</collab><source><italic>Toxicological Profile for Mercury</italic></source><year>1999</year><publisher-name>US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service</publisher-name><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp46.pdf">http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp46.pdf</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Suvarapu</surname><given-names>L. 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1</label><caption><p>Analytical parameters of reviewed research papers about the speciation and determination of mercury by spectrometric instruments (AAS, ICP-OES, AES, MS, and AFS).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyte</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analytical instrument used for the detection</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limit of detection (LOD)<sup>#</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linearity range</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyzed samples</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference study</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting media</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS and ICP-AES</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.83 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadmium and lead also analyzed along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preconcentration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water and human hair</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recovery of Hg<sup>2+</sup> is in the range of 95.6–104.9% in presence of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions, from 750 to 2500-fold</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dithizone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ultrasound extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alcohol vinegar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rice, canned fish, and tea leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The tolerance limit for Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> is 4000-fold, for Ba<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> is 40-fold, for Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Ni<sup>2+</sup> is 10-fold, and for Al<sup>3+</sup> is 200-fold compared to Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.97 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 500 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As, Al, Fe, Mo, and Sb are depressed the Hg signal </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marine fish </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wet digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green tiger shrimp</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsenic also determined along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkaline fusion digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006–4000 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phosphate rock</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish muscle tissues</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadmium and lead also detected along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01–2.30 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> are not interfered up to 5 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and Tl<sup>3+</sup> are not interfered up to 1 mg L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polymer supported ionic liquid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.97 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07–2.00 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tolerable amount of major metals is limited up to 50 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polytetrafluoroethylene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5–10.0 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cold finger</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combustion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.99 × 10<sup>−13</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water and fish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsenic and selenium also determined along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amalgamation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 ng/g for hair and 0.02 ng/g for blood</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hair and blood samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsenic and selenium also determined along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS (total Hg) and GC-ICPMS (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cold-vapor reduction with NaBH<sub>4</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M (total Hg) and 2.3 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood of birds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selenium also determined along with mercury and methylmercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg and MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS (total Hg) and CV-AFS (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03–0.1 ng/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish, vegetables, and mushrooms</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selenium and cadmium also determined with mercury species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS (total Hg) and CV-AFS (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LLME<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) and <break></break>1.8 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–100 ng mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples and CRMs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The recovery of Hg<sup>2+</sup> in presence of foreign ions is 95–105 and for MeHg is 96–106%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GF-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid mineralization</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.97 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish muscle samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Copper nitrate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ambient air</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0006 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freshwater fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stannous chloride</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combustion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of various heavy metals was overcome by using sample pretreatment</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS (THg) and ICP-MS-HPLC (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydride generation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.33 × 10<sup>−14</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd, Pb, As, and Sn also measured along with Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HG-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydride generation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.4% (accuracy)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Irrigation water wells</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Along with mercury Pb, Cd, and Al Cr also measured</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS and AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal decomposition and amalgamation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (TD-amalgamation AAS) and 3.14 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (CV-AAS), </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HV-AAS and <break></break>HPLC-CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions and fish tissue</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multiwalled carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS (DMA)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave oven digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canned fish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selenium and tin also measured along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMA (AAS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS principles and without digestion process</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish red muscle and <break></break>white muscle</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AES</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LIBS and SIBS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M (LIBS) and 9.97 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M (SIBS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At 534.074 nm has less spectral interference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (total Hg) and 0.01 MeHg ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sea water and sediments</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M (Hg<sup>0</sup>) and 0.002 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M (DM Hg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sea waters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave assisted digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98 × 10<sup>−13</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nuts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of fat in nuts is removed by treatment with chloroform and methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence optical sensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.57 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.27 × 10<sup>−11</sup>–1.13 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human hair, urine, and <break></break>well water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Most of the alkali, alkaline, and transition metal ions did not interfere in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N-(2-Hydroxy phenyl)-N-(2-mercapto phenyl)-o-phthalylidene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold amalgamation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total suspended particulates</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QFF (quartz fiber filters)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAS and CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005 <italic>μ</italic>g/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water, soil, sediments, and foodstuffs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave assisted digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sediments</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sequential injection system</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of other metal ions is eliminated by acid wash and kept storage of samples for 24 h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multisyringe flow injection analysis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-induced atomization</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 × 10<sup>−9</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), 1.9 × 10<sup>−9</sup> (MeHg), and 2.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> (EtHg) M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CRMs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 × 10<sup>−13</sup>–3.98 × 10<sup>−13</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–5000 ng L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Natural waters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and As<sup>3+</sup> and 10 g L<sup>−1</sup> of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere in the determination of 100 ng L<sup>−1</sup> of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Micro-SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 5 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesofluidic platform</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EX-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ng g<sup>−1</sup> (total Hg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste calcines</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~0.5 pg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atmospheric air</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PTFE filter papers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GC-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 1.5 ng mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liquid-liquid microextraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), 7.42 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (MeHg), 1.045 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (EtHg), and 3.31 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M (PhHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0–20 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Environmental waters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No interference from other metal ions</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-Octyl-3-meth-l imidazolium hexafluorophosphate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.515 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petroleum</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TMAH<sup>3</sup>, KOH/CH<sub>3</sub>OH, HCl, and acidic CuSO<sub>4</sub>/KBr</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ambient air</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–4.5 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longer excitation and emission wavelength could shield the interference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal decomposition</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish liver</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method validity is tested with CRM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><4.98 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Snow</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/SnCl<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atmospheric Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particulate matter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flow injection mercury system</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herbal products</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protease papain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC-UV-CV-AFS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−12</sup> (total Hg), 1.39 × 10<sup>−12</sup> (MeHg), and 1.99 × 10<sup>−12</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sea food</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simultaneously determined both Hg(II) and MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg and total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-AAS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.088 (MeHg) and 0.005 (total Hg) <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hair and milk of mothers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microfluidic </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.49 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2–4.0 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The recovery of Hg<sup>2+</sup> in the presence of 100 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup> of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup> is in the range of 97.5–101.7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.053–0.01 <italic>μ</italic>g g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pharmaceutical ingredients</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low residual carbon content in digests is desirable to minimize some interference</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adsorption</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wastewaters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multiwalled carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-OES</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup> into 1 mg L<sup>−1</sup> solutions of Hg(II) in pH 8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ion imprinted polymer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants and soil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave assisted digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal analysis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 × 10<sup>−15</sup> g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atmospheric particulates</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II) and MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC-ICPMS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HF-LPME<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.48 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) and 1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> (MeHg) M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 50 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tap, river, and estuarine waters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simultaneously selenium also determined along with mercury</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ion exchange chromatography</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.47 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), 1.25 × 10−10 (MeHg), 1.35 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (EtHg), and 7.92 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (PhHg) M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–100 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup> (all Hg species)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sea water and marine fish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L-Cysteine or thiourea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GC-ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preconcentration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (Hg<sup>2+</sup>) and 12 ng g<sup>−1</sup> (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human hair</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MC-ICPMS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isotope ratio analysis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–0.2 disintegrations per minute</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sediment core</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mercury and mercury isotope compositions are determined</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II) and MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CVG-ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (Hg(II)) and 2.3 ng g<sup>−1</sup> (MeHg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg, Hg(II), and <break></break>EtHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC-CV-ICPMS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction and separation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (Hg(II)), 2.17 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (EtHg), and 1.8 × 10<sup>−8</sup> (MeHg) M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plasma/serum samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave assisted digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freshwater fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isotope dilution and UV-photochemical vapor generation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 pg g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological tissues</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyatomic interference is not detectable</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcination-isotope dilution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>−15</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diploria </italic>specimens</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No isobaric interference was found</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anion exchange chromatographic separation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> (Hg<sup>2+</sup>), 1.11 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (MeHg), 1.26 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (EtHg), and 1.22 × 10<sup>−10</sup> (PhHg) M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fish samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-Mercapto-1-propanesulfonate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herbal samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As, Cd, and Pb also determined along with Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8-Hydroxyquinoline</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrothermal vaporization</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water associated with crude oil production</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">By preconcentration of analyte interference is avoided</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isotope dilution equation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M for THg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0005–1.321 mg/kg for MeHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arctic cod</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>] </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>For the conversion of limit of detection values into moles per liter (M) the atomic weight of Hg is taken as 200.59 g, MeHg as 215.59 g, EtHg as 229.59 g, and PhHg as 277.59 g.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>1</sup>Solid-phase extraction; <sup>2</sup>LLME: liquid-liquid microextraction; <sup>3</sup>TMAH: tetramethylammonium hydroxide; <sup>4</sup>HF-LPME: hallow fiber liquid phase microextraction.</p></fn><fn><p>Analytical instruments: CV-AAS: cloud vapor atomic absorption spectrometer; HG-AAS: hydride generation AAS; GF-AAS: graphite furnace AAS; ICP-OES: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer; ICP-MS: ICP-mass spectrometer; ICP-AES: ICP-atomic emission spectrometer; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; AFS: atomic fluorescence spectrometer; AMA: automatic mercury analyzer; DMA: direct mercury analyzer.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Analytical parameters of reviewed research papers about the speciation and determination of mercury by spectrophotometer and spectrofluorometer.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyte</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analytical instrument used for the detection</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limit of detection (LOD)<sup>#</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linearity range</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyzed samples</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference study</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting media</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0–450 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10-fold of Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> shows <7% influence on the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup> compared to reported ones</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CdTe quantum dots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00–0.31 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">River water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Ag<sup>+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanodots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001–1 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of 20 <italic>μ</italic>M of Al<sup>3+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83–8.6 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The tolerance limit of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, V<sup>5+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, Pd<sup>2+</sup>, Pt<sup>4+</sup>, Au<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Cr<sup>6+</sup> is in the range of 0.11–041 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup>in the determination of 1.91 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup> of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-Methylthiophene-2-carboxaldehyde ethylenediamine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.73 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 nM–60 <italic>μ</italic>M </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of major cations studied</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ONPCRs<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1000 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samplers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, As<sup>3+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silver nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drinking water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Ba<sup>2+</sup> do not interfere in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup> but Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> interfere slightly</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer and UV-spectrometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric and fluorescent sensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples and living cells</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The fluorescent signal for Hg(II) is not influenced by the major metal ions including Fe(III), Cu(II), and Al(III)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4-Dichloroquinazoline</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 × 10<sup>−13</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−12</sup>–8.6 × 10<sup>−4</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples and SRM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chromoionophore V</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent and colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spiked water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodamine B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> do not interfere </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thioether-appended dipeptide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0005–0.01 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lake water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74–3.83 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Living cells</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minor interference from Ag<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Rb<sup>+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pyrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–4.2 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water, biological, plant leaves, and soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tolerance limit of the Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Ce<sup>4+</sup>, In<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, La<sup>3+</sup>, Yb<sup>3+</sup>, and Eu<sup>3+</sup> is 300 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup> and the tolerance limit of the Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ti<sup>4+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> is 100 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup> and at Hg(II) is 2.0 <italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4,7-Triamino-6-phenylpteridine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup>–3.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Ni<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conjugated polymer multilayer films</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TGFRET<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49–0.87 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01–0.12 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanodots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0-1 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tap and river water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Ag<sup>+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, and Fe<sup>3+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodamine </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrofluorometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0–100 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drinking water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20-fold of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, and Ni<sup>2+</sup>, 10-fold of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, and Co<sup>2+</sup>, 5-fold of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and the same concentration of Ag<sup>+</sup> caused almost no interference</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Optical chemical sensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2 × 10<sup>−13</sup>–4.7 × 10<sup>−4</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tap water, river water, and canned tuna fish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference of Cu(II) eliminated with the addition of L-histidine as a masking agent</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthesized ionophore</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric sensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M (visual), 1.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M (UV-Vis)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> did not interfere </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dimethyl sulphoxide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence spectrophotometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence probe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02–1.0 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup> over other metal ions such as Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorimetric</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–30 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup> (2 mM), K<sup>+</sup> (2 mM), Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> (0.1 mM), Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> (50 <italic>μ</italic>M), and Ag<sup>+</sup> (3.5 <italic>μ</italic>M) did not interfere with the detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup> (25 nM) in the mentioned amounts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodamine B thiolactone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>] </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>For the conversion of limit of detection values into moles per liter (M) the atomic weight of Hg is taken as 200.59 g, MeHg as 215.59<bold> </bold>g, EtHg as 229.59<bold> </bold>g, and PhHg as 277.59<bold> </bold>g.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>1</sup>ONPCRs: oxygen-doped nitrogen-rich photoluminescent polymer carbon nanoribbons; <sup>2</sup>Limit of quantification; <sup>3</sup>TGFRET: time-gated fluorescence resonance energy transfer.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Analytical parameters of reviewed research papers about the speciation and determination of mercury by electrochemical instruments.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyte</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analytical instrument used for the detection</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limit of detection (LOD)<sup>#</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linearity range</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyzed samples</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference study</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting media</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DP-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.99 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ambient water, tap, and wastewaters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palladium-natural phosphate-carbon paste electrode enhances the selectivity for Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Natural phosphate electrodes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SW-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2–10.0 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foodstuffs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simultaneously both Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Hg<sup>2+</sup> are determined and 1,000-fold for K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Al<sup>3+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon paste electrode</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Differential pulse voltammeter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.48 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2–10 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spiked fish and plant samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II), Mg(II), As(III), and Cr(II) were possible interferers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,4′-Bipyridine-silver polymer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclic voltammeter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 × 10<sup>−14</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>−14</sup>–10<sup>−7</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr3<sup>+</sup>, Co<sup>3+</sup>, As<sup>5+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>3+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold atomic cluster-chitosan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Voltammeter <break></break>(cyclic and differential pulse)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biosensor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.93 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005–0.034 mM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The working potential controlled to minimize the interference of other metal ions in test medium</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PANI and PANI-co-PDTDA polymer films</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–160 ppb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aquatic solutions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glassy carbon electrode</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SW-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–150.0 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil, gasoline, fish, tap, and wastewaters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400-fold mass ratio of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>6+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Co<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere in the simultaneous determination of Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triphenyl phosphine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potentiometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.77 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M (PME)<sup>1</sup><break></break>7.76 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M (CGE)<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−1</sup>–5.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M (PME) <break></break>1.0 × 10<sup>−1</sup>–5.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M (CGE)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup> has small interference in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,3-Alternate thiacalix[4]crown</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potentiometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>−2</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The selectivity coefficient of the other ions is ranging from 2.9 to 4.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PVC membrane</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DPSV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–500 nM</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Th<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Al<sup>3+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SW-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ultrasonic extraction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indoor dust samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclic voltammeter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–170 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wastewaters</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biotinyl Somatostatin-14 peptide </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potentiometer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 × 10<sup>−6</sup>–1 × 10<sup>−2</sup> M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contaminated water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Pb<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere in the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dithizone and di-n-butyl phthalate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DP-ASV</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.483 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–700 ng mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No interference of Cd, Ni, Zn, and Cu in 50-, 25-, 100-, and 5-fold in excess, respectively</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanocellulosic fibers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrochemical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 nM–1.0 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>3+</sup> did not interfere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G-quadruplex–hemin (G4–hemin)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>] </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>For the conversion of limit of detection values into moles per liter (M) the atomic weight of Hg is taken as 200.59 g, MeHg as 215.59 g, EtHg as 229.59 g, and PhHg as 277.59 g.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>1</sup>PME: polymeric membrane electrode and CGE: coated graphite electrode.</p></fn><fn><p>Analytical instruments: DP-ASV: differential pulse anodic stripping voltammeter; SW-ASV: square wave anodic stripping voltammeter.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Analytical parameters of reviewed research papers about the speciation and determination of mercury by miscellaneous techniques.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyte</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analytical instrument used for the detection</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limit of detection (LOD)<sup>#</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linearity range</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analyzed samples</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interference study</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting media</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speciation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continuous mercury analyzer </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal desorption </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid samples (fly ash)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portable mercury analyzer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atmosphere</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SERS<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001–0.5 ng mL<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drinking water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selective in presence of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Mn<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gold nanoparticles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.99 × 10<sup>−10</sup>–4.48 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7–300 <italic>μ</italic>g L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simultaneously Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Hg<sup>2+</sup> are determined</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbon nanotubes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SERS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–1000 nM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groundwater</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ag<sup>+</sup> was also determined along with Hg<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup> did not interfere </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oligonucleotide-functionalized magnetic silica sphere</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eggs and blood of <italic>Eretmochelys imbricata </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Along with mercury Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb are also determined</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luminescence spectrometer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0–9.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05–1.0 <italic>μ</italic>M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Water samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fairly selective in presence of Ag<sup>+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and Cu<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silver nanoclusters</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X-ray fluorescence spectrometer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preconcentration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 × 10<sup>−12</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upto 20 mg L<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drinking water</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particulate matter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GF/C filters</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg and EtHg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPLC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemiluminescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 ng g<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–20 ng Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil and sediment samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Back extraction and another chemical process make the method selective for MeHg and EtHg</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Emetine dithiocarbamate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CV-CCPM-OES<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microwave digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.39 × 10<sup>−11</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27–55 mg kg<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemodosimeter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 × 10<sup>−7</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood serum of mice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodamine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">XRF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid digestion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.97 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soils from industrial complex</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combustion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–5 ng</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soil and leaf samples</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MeHg and Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GC-MS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Matrix solid-phase dispersion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 (MeHg) and 0.12 (Hg(II)) <italic>μ</italic>g/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuna fish, angel shark, and guitarfish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GEM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concentration-weighted trajectory model</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particulate matter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QFF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>For the conversion of limit of detection values into moles per liter (M) the atomic weight of Hg is taken as 200.59 g, MeHg as 215.59 g, EtHg as 229.59 g, and PhHg as 277.59 g.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>1</sup>SERS: surface enhanced Raman scattering; <sup>2</sup>CV-CCPM-OES: cold-vapor capacitively coupled plasma microtorch fluorescence spectrometry.</p></fn><fn><p>Analytical instruments: HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; AMA: automatic mercury analyzer; DMA: direct mercury analyzer; XRF: X-ray 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