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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A review of <italic>Biston</italic> Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species
</title><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Nan" sort="Jiang, Nan" uniqKey="Jiang N" first="Nan" last="Jiang">Nan Jiang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Dayong" sort="Xue, Dayong" uniqKey="Xue D" first="Dayong" last="Xue">Dayong Xue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Hongxiang" sort="Han, Hongxiang" uniqKey="Han H" first="Hongxiang" last="Han">Hongxiang Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22259309</idno><idno type="pmc">3260909</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260909</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3260909</idno><idno type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.139.1308</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000223</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000223</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A review of <italic>Biston</italic> Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species
</title><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Nan" sort="Jiang, Nan" uniqKey="Jiang N" first="Nan" last="Jiang">Nan Jiang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Dayong" sort="Xue, Dayong" uniqKey="Xue D" first="Dayong" last="Xue">Dayong Xue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Hongxiang" sort="Han, Hongxiang" uniqKey="Han H" first="Hongxiang" last="Han">Hongxiang Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ZooKeys</title><idno type="ISSN">1313-2989</idno><idno type="eISSN">1313-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><label>Abstract</label><p>The genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> Leach, 1815 is reviewed for China. Seventeen species are recognized, of which <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston mediolata</named-content></italic> <bold>sp. n.</bold> is described. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic> (Warren, 1896) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic> <italic>exanthemata</italic> (Moore, 1888) are newly recorded for China. The following new synonyms are established: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria suppressaria</named-content></italic> (Guenée, 1858) (= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benescripta</named-content></italic> (Prout, 1915), <bold>syn. n.</bold> = <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content></italic> Inoue, 1992 <bold>syn. n.</bold>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> (Warren, 1893) (= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis</named-content></italic> <italic>erilda</italic> Oberthür, 1910, <bold>syn. n.</bold> = <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis clorinda</named-content></italic> Oberthür, 1910, <bold>syn. n.</bold> = <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston emarginaria</named-content></italic> Leech, 1897, <bold>syn. n.</bold>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic> (Bremer & Grey, 1853) (= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria abraxata</named-content></italic> (Leech, 1889), <bold>syn. n.</bold> = <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria lienpingensis</named-content></italic> (Wehrli, 1939), <bold>syn. n.</bold> = B<italic>. panterinaria szechuanensis</italic> (Wehrli, 1939), <bold>syn. n.</bold>). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata satura</named-content></italic> (Wehrli,1941), <bold>comb. n.</bold> is proposed. A key to Chinese <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> and diagnoses for Chinese species are provided. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Zookeys</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22259309</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3260909</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.139.1308</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A review of <italic>Biston</italic> Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>Nan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F09E9F50-5E54-40FE-8C04-3CEA6565446B</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xue</surname><given-names>Dayong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:BBEC2B15-1EEE-40C4-90B0-EB6B116F2AED</uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Hongxiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:1162241D-772E-4668-BAA3-F7E0AFBE21EE</uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Hongxiang Han (<email>hanhx@ioz.ac.cn</email>)
</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Academic editor: A.Hausmann</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><issue>139</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>3</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Nan Jiang, Dayong Xue, Hongxiang Han</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="lsid" xlink:type="simple">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F505D74E-1098-473D-B7DE-0ED283297B4F</self-uri><abstract><label>Abstract</label><p>The genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> Leach, 1815 is reviewed for China. Seventeen species are recognized, of which <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston mediolata</named-content></italic> <bold>sp. n.</bold> is described. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic> (Warren, 1896) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic> <italic>exanthemata</italic> (Moore, 1888) are newly recorded for China. The following new synonyms are established: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria suppressaria</named-content></italic> (Guenée, 1858) (= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benescripta</named-content></italic> (Prout, 1915), <bold>syn. n.</bold> = <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content></italic> Inoue, 1992 <bold>syn. n.</bold>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> (Warren, 1893) (= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis</named-content></italic> <italic>erilda</italic> Oberthür, 1910, <bold>syn. n.</bold> = <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis clorinda</named-content></italic> Oberthür, 1910, <bold>syn. n.</bold> = <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston emarginaria</named-content></italic> Leech, 1897, <bold>syn. n.</bold>); <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic> (Bremer & Grey, 1853) (= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria abraxata</named-content></italic> (Leech, 1889), <bold>syn. n.</bold> = <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria lienpingensis</named-content></italic> (Wehrli, 1939), <bold>syn. n.</bold> = B<italic>. panterinaria szechuanensis</italic> (Wehrli, 1939), <bold>syn. n.</bold>). <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata satura</named-content></italic> (Wehrli,1941), <bold>comb. n.</bold> is proposed. A key to Chinese <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> and diagnoses for Chinese species are provided. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.
</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd><italic>Biston</italic></kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd><kwd>new species</kwd><kwd>Geometridae</kwd><kwd>Lepidoptera
<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Leach (1815)</xref> established the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> Leach, 1815 with three species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Geometra</named-content></italic> <italic>prodromaria</italic> Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena (Geometra) betularia</named-content></italic> Linnaeus, 1758 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena hirtaria</named-content></italic> Clerck, 1759. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Geometra prodromaria</named-content></italic> was designated as the type species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> by Westwood (1840) and was later found to be a junior synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena strataria</named-content></italic> (Hufnagel, 1767) by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout (1915)</xref>. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena hirtaria</named-content></italic> was designated as the type species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lycia</named-content></italic> Hübner, 1825 by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hulst (1896)</xref>. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena betularia</named-content></italic> is still treated as a member of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hampson (1895)</xref>, as the first author, presented a wider concept of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> and included <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyjodonta</named-content></italic> Warren, 1893, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amraica</named-content></italic> Moore, 1888, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura</named-content></italic> Walker, 1863 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cusiala</named-content></italic> Moore, 1887 in the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout (1915)</xref> also included the species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyjodonta</named-content></italic> in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>, but did not explicitly state <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyjodonta</named-content></italic> as a synonym. Subsequently, this genus was considered as a subgenus of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> by Wehrli (1941). In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout (1915)</xref> treated <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura</named-content></italic> as a separate genus, and regarded <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amraica</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Blepharoctenia</named-content></italic> Warren, 1894 as different sections of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura</named-content></italic> according to the structure of male antennae, and moved <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cusiala</named-content></italic> to his very broadly defined “genus” <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Boarmia</named-content></italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Inoue (1982a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">1985</xref>) established the broader concept of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> by examining external and genital characters of the Palaearctic and the East Asiatic species. He treated <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura</named-content></italic> as a junior synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> and raised <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amraica</named-content></italic> to generic level. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato (1996)</xref> also considered <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula</named-content></italic> Moore, 1888 as a junior synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. (1999)</xref> summarized the previous works, and besides the generic names mentioned above, they also included <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Epamraica</named-content></italic> Matsumura, 1910 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyja</named-content></italic> Hübner, 1825 as junior synonyms of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Rindge (1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">1985</xref>) summerized New World <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Bistonini</named-content> and gave a valuable diagnosis for the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>.
</p><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Holloway (1994)</xref> proposed a very broad concept of the tribe <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Boarmiini</named-content> which also subsumed the previously separate tribe <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Bistonini</named-content>, and provided the diagnostic characters for the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>.
</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> indeed has some typical features in common with the <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Boarmiini</named-content>: the postmedial lines of both wings often protrudes outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; in the male genitalia, the socii are usually absent; the valva has a strong cucullus. However, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> also has some features atypical for <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Boarmiini</named-content>: a fovea is absent in the male forewing; in the male genitalia, the valva is simple, without any ornamentation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Holloway 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Pitkin 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Viidalepp et al. 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Young 2008</xref>).
</p><p>The species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> are widely distributed in Holarctic, Oriental and Ethiopian regions. Reviews of the genus are available for some geographical regions, e.g. for Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Karisch 2005</xref>), for North America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Rindge 1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">1985</xref>) and partly for Asia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Holloway 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Viidalepp 1979</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Yazaki 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Inoue 1982a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">1982b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ghosh 2003</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. (1999)</xref> listed 50 species and 38 subspecies. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Sato (2003)</xref> placed <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston praeparva</named-content></italic> (Prout, 1937) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston semifusca</named-content></italic> (Swinhoe, 1902) into the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amraica</named-content></italic>. Until now, 54 species and 40 subspecies in the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> have been recognized, with 17 species and 14 subspecies recor<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ded in China. Major contributions concerned with the Chinese fauna of the genus have been published by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bremer and Grey (1853)</xref>, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Oberthür (1884</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">1886</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">1910</xref>), (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Leech (1889</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">1897</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hampsom (1895)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Warren (1899)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bastelberger (1909)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout (1915)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli (1938–1954)</xref>, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Inoue (1964</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">1982b</xref>), (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Zhu (1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">1982</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Heppner and Inoue (1992)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Zhu and Xue (1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">1998</xref>), Xue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">1992a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">1992b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">2001</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato (1996)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Wang (1998)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">Xue et al. (2002)</xref>, Han and Xue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">2004</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ades and Kendrick (2004)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hua (2005)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Xue and Han (2005)</xref>. However, it has become apparent that, with the study of the material obtained during recent expeditions and the re-examination of the IZCAS collection, a new species needs to be described, the taxonomy needs to be revised, and the Chinese <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> fauna needs to be summarized.
</p><p>Here, we divide the Chinese <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> into three species groups based on morphological characters. Group I includes the “typical” species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. Group II includes <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston brevipennata</named-content></italic> Inoue, 1982 and the species which were treated in the subgenus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyjodonta</named-content></italic> of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> by Wehrli (1941). Group III includes <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston perclara</named-content></italic> (Warren, 1899), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic> (Oberthür, 1886) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic> (Bremer & Grey, 1853) which was considered slightly different from the typical species of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato (1996)</xref>.
</p><p>The purpose of this paper is, to review all known Chinese <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> species, to determine their diagnostic characters, to develope a key for their determination and to provide illustrations of external features and genitalia; furthermore, one new species, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston mediolata</named-content></italic> sp. n., will be described, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic> (Warren, 1896) will be recorded as new for the fauna of China and several new synonyms and a new combination will be proposed. This results, to our present knowledge, in 17 species and nine subspecies of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> for the fauna of China and 52 species with 33 subspecies worldwide.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Material and methods</title><p>Specimens of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> were obtained from Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS) and Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFMK). The other museums cited here, where types are deposited, are the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (BMNH), the Linnean Society of London, United Kingdom (LSL), the Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen, Munich, Germany (ZSM) and the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia (ZISP). Terminology for wing venation followed the Comstock-Needham System (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Comstock 1918</xref>) as adopted for <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Geometridae</named-content> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Scoble (1992)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hausmann (2001)</xref>, and that of the genitalia was based on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pierce (1914)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Klots (1970)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Nichols (1989)</xref>. Photographs of adult moths and their genitalia were taken with digital cameras. Composite images were generated using Auto-Montage software version 5.03.0061 (Synoptics Ltd). The plates were compiled using Adobe Photoshop software.
</p></sec><sec><title>Taxonomic account</title><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Leach, 1815</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston</p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Leach, 1815</xref>, <italic>Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclopaedia</italic>, 9: 134. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Geometra prodromaria</named-content></italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775</xref> (= <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena strataria</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hufnagel, 1767</xref>)), by subsequent designation by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">Westwood, 1840</xref>.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Dasyphara</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Billberg, 1820</xref>, <italic>Enumeratio Insect. Mus. G. J. Billberg</italic>: 89. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Geometra prodromaria</named-content></italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775</xref>. [Junior objective synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> Leach.]
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pachys</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Hübner, 1822</xref>, <italic>Syst.-alphab. Verz.</italic>: 38<italic>–</italic>44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Geometra prodromaria</named-content></italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775</xref>. [Junior objective synonym of Biston Leach.]
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyja</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hübner, 1825</xref>, <italic>Verz. bekannter Schmett.</italic>: 318. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena betularia</named-content></italic> Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation by Grote, 1902.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Treitschke, 1825</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Ochsenheimer, <italic>Schmett. Eur.</italic>, 5 (2): 434. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Geometra prodromaria</named-content></italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775</xref>. [Junior objective synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> Leach.]
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasys</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Sodoffsky, 1837</xref>, <italic>Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou</italic>, 10: 90. [Emendation of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis</named-content></italic> Treitschke.]
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasea</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Unger, 1856</xref>, <italic>Arch. Ver. Freunde Naturg.-Mecklenb.</italic>, 10: 61. [Emendation of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis</named-content></italic> Treitschke.]
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Walker, 1863</xref>, <italic>List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus.</italic>, 26: 1531. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura multipunctaria</named-content></italic> Walker, 1863, by monotypy.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moore, 1888</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Hewitson & Moore, <italic>Descr. new Indian lepid. Insects Colln late Mr W.S. Atkinson</italic>, (3): 266. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula exanthemata</named-content></italic> Moore, 1888, by monotypy.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyjodonta</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Warren, 1893</xref>, <italic>Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.</italic>, 1893: 416. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyjodonta falcata</named-content></italic> Warren, 1893, by original designation.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Blepharoctenia</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Warren, 1894</xref>, <italic>Novit. zool.</italic>, 1: 428. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasys bengaliaria</named-content></italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Guenée, 1858</xref>, by original designation.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Epamraica</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Matsumura, 1910</xref>, <italic>Thousand Insects Japan</italic>, (Suppl.) 2: 130. Type species: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Epamraica bilineata</named-content></italic> Matsumura, 1910, by monotypy.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Head. Antennae bipectinate in male, rami short, moderately long or long, length tapering towards apex, often the distal part of antennae without rami; filiform in female (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figs 1–3</xref>). Frons not protruding, smooth-scaled. Tongue well developed. Labial palpus small, with hair-scales, not extending beyond frons. Compound eyes setose.
</p><p>Thorax. Legs covered with hair-scales. Hind tibia slightly dilated, with two pairs of spurs in both sexes, without hair-pencil. Frenulum developed. Forewing without basal fovea in male, triangular, outer margin straight or waved, hindwing round, outer<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> margin smooth, sometimes concave between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> or protruding between M<sub>1 </sub>and CuA<sub>1</sub>. Wings white, pale yellow or greyish brown, transverse lines black, brown or white. Pattern of forewing: antemedial line slightly waved, often accompanied by a band basally; medial line waved, usually inconspicuous; postmedial line waved or dentate, sometimes protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> and between CuA<sub>2</sub> and 1A + 2A, often accompanied by a band posteriorly; submarginal line sometimes indistinct; terminal line sometimes appearing as a series of short stripes between veins; discal spot black or grey, shortly strip-like, dot-like or elliptic, pale-centred. Hindwing sometimes with basal line; medial line often indistinct, sometimes double; postmedial line waved or dentate, sometimes protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; terminal line similar to those of forewing; discal spot sometimes smaller and less conspicuous than on forewing. Terminal spots occasionally present on both wings, wedge-shaped. Underside paler, transverse lines often similar to those of dorsal surface.
</p><p>Venation. Forewing: Sc free, R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2</sub> usually stalked (separate in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thoracicaria</named-content></italic>), diverging before anterior angle of cell; R<sub>2</sub> sometimes connected by a short transverse bar with R<sub>3–4</sub> or R<sub>3–5</sub>; R<sub>3–5</sub> before or from anterior angle of cell, not stalked with M<sub>1</sub>; M<sub>1</sub> from anterior angle of cell; M<sub>3</sub> from posterior angle of cell; CuA<sub>1</sub> before posterior angle of cell. Hindwing: Sc+R<sub>1</sub> close to cell less than onehalf length of cell; Rs before anterior angle of cell; M<sub>1</sub> from anterior angle of cell; M<sub>2</sub> absent; M<sub>3</sub> from posterior angle of cell; CuA<sub>1</sub> before or from posterior angle of cell; 3A absent.
</p><p>Abdomen. Dorsum scattered with transverse lines or dots, sometimes with anal tuft. Third sternite of male abdomen without setal patch. Intersegmental membrane between abdomen and genitalia densely covered with elongate scales which partly developed to spines in a few species.</p><p><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Male genitalia. Uncus short and broad, ratio of length to basal width variable, often bifurcate terminally, sometimes bifurcation very shallow or on ventral side below apex, so the latter apparently square or round. Arms of gnathos connected medially, with median process robust or slender, round, acute or square terminally. Valva simple; costa sclerotized, straight or incurved, with terminal half often broadened, bearing long setae from center to apex; sacculus sometimes sinuous. Saccus round or semicircular. Juxta well developed, pointed, or round or flat apically, sometimes elongate, without lateral brushes of long setae, except in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston melacron</named-content></italic> Wehrli, 1941. Aedeagus often cylindrical, sclerotized dorsally; vesica usually wrinkled, scobinate, with or without cornuti; shape of cornuti various.
</p><p>Female genitalia. Papillae anales covered with dense setae, occasionally elongate. Apophyses posteriores usually very long. Lamella postvaginalis sometimes present, oval or almost triangular. Ostium bursae occasionally weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae striated longitudinally, sometimes sclerotized. Corpus bursae often long, membranous, sometimes curved medially, swollen anteriorly, often bearing a signum; signum elliptic, bar-like or irregularly shaped, often with marginal spines, sometimes weakly sclerotized around.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> resembles <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cusiala</named-content></italic> Moore and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Iulotrichia</named-content></italic> Warren in: the postmedial lines of both wings often protrudes outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; the apex of the uncus is often bifurcated. But <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> differs from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cusiala</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Iulotrichia</named-content></italic> in the following characters: the forewing fovea of the male is absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> but present in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cusiala</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Iulotrichia</named-content></italic>; in the male genitalia, the aedeagus vesica has numerous, very small, spine-like cornuti, arranged as two pair of longitudinal combs in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cusiala</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Iulotrichia</named-content></italic>, which is absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. The members of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> also resemble <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lycia</named-content></italic> Hübner, 1825 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cochisea</named-content></italic> Barnes & McDunnough, 1916, both of which belong to the former <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Bistonini</named-content>. But both of these genera can be distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> by the single pair of spurs on the hind tibia, as well as apterous or brachypterous female in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lycia</named-content></italic>, and absence of the tongue in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cochisea</named-content></italic>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>Holarctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian regions.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Biological notes"><title>Biological notes.</title><p>The larva is often twig-like with the characteristic 45 degree resting posture and an obtusely cleft head (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Holloway 1994</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Singh (1953)</xref> recorded the larva of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> (Guenée, 1858). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Issiki et al. (1977)</xref> illustrated the larva of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content></italic> Butler, 1879. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Yamamoto et al. (1987)</xref> described and illustrated the larvae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic> (Linnaeus, 1758), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis</named-content></italic> (Moore, 1888) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Wagner (2001)</xref> recorded the larva of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Sato (2001)</xref> described the larva of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic> Shiraki, 1913. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Leong (2009)</xref> gave a description of the final instar larva and metamorphosis of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic>. Most species are highly polyphagous. The larval host plants have been recorded from the families <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Aceraceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Adoxaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Anacardiaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Apocynaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Aquifoliaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Asteraceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Berberidaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Betulaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Bombacaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cannabaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Caprifoliaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Celastraceae</named-content>, Compositae (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Asteraceae</named-content>), <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cornaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Corylaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cupressaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Elaeagnaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ericaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Euphorbiaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Fagaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ginkgoaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Grossulariaceae</named-content>, Guttiferae (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Clusiaceae</named-content>), <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Iridaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Juglandaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lardizabalaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lauraceae</named-content>, Leguminosae (<named-content content-type="taxon-name">Fabaceae</named-content>), <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lythraceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Meliaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Melianthaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Myricaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Myrtaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Oleaceae</named-content>, Palmae, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Pinaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Platanaceae</named-content>, Rha<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>mnaceae, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rosaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Rutaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Salicaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Sapindaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Sterculiaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Styracaceae</named-content>, Solanceae, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Theaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Tiliaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Ulmaceae</named-content>, <named-content content-type="taxon-name">Verbenaceae</named-content> (summarized from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Inoue 1965</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Holloway 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Zhang 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Sato 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Robinson et al. 2004</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Patočka (2004)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Patočka and Turcani (2005)</xref> construct a key for the pupae of central European species. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Nakamura (2004)</xref> described and gave a key for the pupae of Japanese species.
</p><sec sec-type="Species-group definitions based on morphology"><title>Species-group definitions based on morphology</title><p><bold>Group I:</bold> <italic>melacron</italic>, <italic>marginata</italic>, <italic>thoracicaria</italic>, <italic>betularia</italic>, <italic>robustum</italic>, <italic>regalis</italic>, <italic>mediolata</italic>, <italic>contectaria</italic>, <italic>bengaliaria</italic>, <italic>pustulata</italic>, <italic>suppressaria</italic>.
</p><p>Male antennae bipectinate, with long rami. Forewing outer margin straight, hindwing outer margin usually smooth, sometimes concave between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>. Postmedial lines of both wings protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>. Brown terminal spots absent from both wings. Patch of spines absent posterior to 8<sup>th</sup> tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: gnathos with median process acute or round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva not protruding outwards; juxta elongate or not. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores elongate.
</p><p><bold>Group II</bold>: <italic>brevipennata</italic>, <italic>quercii</italic>, <italic>falcata</italic>.
</p><p>Male antennae bipectinate, with long rami. Forewing outer margin waved, hindwing outer margin protruding between M<sub>3</sub> and CuA<sub>1</sub>. Postmedial lines of both wings not protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>. Brown terminal spots present on ends of forewing R<sub>5</sub>, M<sub>1</sub>, M<sub>3</sub>, CuA<sub>1</sub>, CuA<sub>2</sub>, hindwing Rs, M<sub>1</sub>, M<sub>3</sub>, CuA<sub>1</sub>, CuA<sub>2</sub>. Patch of spines absent posterior to 8<sup>th</sup> tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: gnathos median process round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva protruding outwards; juxta elongate. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores not elongate.
</p><p><bold>Group III:</bold> <italic>perclara</italic>, <italic>thibetaria</italic>, <italic>panterinaria</italic>.
</p><p>Male antennaebipectinate, with short rami. Postmedial lines of both wings protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>. Brown terminal spots absent from both forewing and hindwing. Patch of spines present posterior to 8<sup>th</sup> tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: median process of gnathos round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva protruding outwards; juxta not elongate. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores elongate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato 1996</xref>).
</p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 1–3.</label><caption><p>Antennae of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>1</bold> bipectinate, with long rami (male of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston melacron</named-content></italic>) <bold>2</bold> bipectinate, with short rami (male of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic>) <bold>3</bold> filiform (female of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>). Scale bar = 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g001"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="Key to Chinese Biston"><title>Key to Chinese <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> species</title><table-wrap content-type="key" orientation="portrait" id="d33e1604" position="anchor"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outer margin of forewing waved</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outer margin of forewing not waved</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speckles on both wings dark brown</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston brevipennata</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speckles on both wings black</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discal spots on hindwing distinct</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston quercii</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discal spots on hindwing indistinct</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male antennae bipectinate, with short rami</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male antennae bipectinate, with long rami</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discal spots on both wings indistinct</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston perclara</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discal spots on both wings distinct</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discal spots on both wings black ringed and pale-centred</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discal spots on both wings pale grey, round</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antemedial line on forewing almost straight</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antemedial line on forewing waved</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rojection between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of hindwing postmedial line round
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston mediolata</named-content></italic> sp. n
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Projection between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of hindwing postmedial line pointed
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forewing with R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2 </sub>separate
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thoracicaria</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Forewing with R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2 </sub>stalked
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hindwing without basal line</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hindwing with basal line</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antennae totally bipectinate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antennae partially bipectinate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Projection between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of forewing postmedial line not bilobed
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Projection between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of forewing postmedial line bilobed
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outer margin of hindwing concave between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston melacron</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outer margin of hindwing not concave between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outer margin of hindwing concave between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outer margin of hindwing not concave between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discal spots on hindwing black</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston bengaliaria</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discal spots on hindwing pale grey</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apex of juxta evenly rounded in male genitalia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apex of juxta acute in male genitalia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_melacron"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">melacron</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Wehrli, 1941</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_melacron</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 4–6</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">70</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">97</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston melacron</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 430, pl. 35: h. Syntypes 3♂, China: West Tien-Mu-shan, 1600 m. (ZFMK)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston exotica</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Inoue, 1977</xref>, <italic>Bull. Fac. domestic Sci., Otsuma Woman‘s Univ</italic>., 13: 322, figs 65–67. Holotype ♂, Japan: Kochi Prefecture, Kubokawa. (BMNH) (Synonymized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Heppner and Inoue (1992)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The external characters of this species are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic> as follows: the male antennae are partially bipectinate and filiform at tip; the for<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>ewing postmedial line bilobedly protrudes between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>, and slightly protrudes outwards between CuA<sub>2 </sub>and 1A + 2A. But it can be distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic> by the following characters: the hindwing outer margin is concave between M<sub>1</sub> and <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>M<sub>3</sub>, whereas it is evenly round in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>; the transverse lines are black but dark brown in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>; the hindwing postmedial line is waved after M<sub>3</sub>, but straight in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>; the transverse lines on the underside of the wings are more conspicuous. The most distinct differences are in the male genitalia: the apex of the uncus is broader and bifurcated, whereas it is narrower and round in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>; the median process of the gnathos is broader and round terminally, while in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>, it is slenderer and acute apically; the setose area of the valva is much weaker; the juxta is narrower, and sharply pointed apically, while in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>, it is broader and round apically; the cornutus is shortly digitiform, but is thornlike in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>. In the female genitalia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Inoue 1977</xref>), the signum is much longer than in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Chekiang [Zhejiang]</bold> (ZFMK): West Tien-Mu-shan, 1600 m, 27–29.IV.1932, coll. H. Höne, 3♂ (Syntypes); same data, 25.IV.1932, 1♂; same data, 25.V.1932, 1♂; same locality, 400 m, IV.1936, 1♂. <bold>Fukien [Fujian]</bold> (ZFMK):Kuatun, 2300 m, 3–7.IV.1938, 11.IV.1946, coll. J. Klapperich, 1♂. <bold>Formosa </bold>[<bold>Taiwan]</bold> (ZFMK): Puli, IV.1958, coll. ZSM, 1♂. <bold>Sichuan</bold> (IZCAS): Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 17.IV–1.V.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing & Huang Keren, 8♂.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Sichuan), Japan, South Korea.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_marginata"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">marginata</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Shiraki, 1913</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_marginata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 7–10</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">71</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">98</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">117</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata </named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Shiraki, 1913</xref>, <italic>Spec. Rep. Formosa agric. Exp. Stn</italic>, [Special reports No. 8] Publication no. 68: 433, pl. 44. Syntypes, China: Taiwan.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston fragilis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Inoue, 1958</xref>, <italic>Tinea</italic>, 4 (2): 254, pl. 34, fig. 30. Holotype ♂, Japan: Oita Prefecture, Saeki. (BMNH) (Synonymized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Inoue (1965)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The diagnostic characters of external morphology of the species can be seen in the previous species. The male genitalia of the species are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic>. But it can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: the vesica is less strongly sclerotized posteriorly; the cornutus is small and spine-like but absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic>. The female genitalia are similar to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>, but they differ in the following characters: the ductus bursae is shorter and the antrum is absent; the corpus bursae is almost even in width, while in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic> it is enlarged, wrinkled and weakly sclerotized posteriorly, narrow medially and swollen anteriorly; the signum is oval with several marginal spines, but a transverse bar in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Fukien [Fujian]</bold> (ZFMK): Kuatun, 2300 m, 3.IV.1938, coll. J. Klapperich, 1♂. <bold>Formosa </bold>[<bold>Taiwan]</bold> (ZFMK): Nantou, SW Tsuifeng, 2100m, 16.III.1996, coll. Csoevari and Steger, 2♂; Puli, IV.1958, coll. ZSM, 2♂. <bold>Hunan </bold>(IZCAS): Dongan, 24.II.1955, 4♀; Changning, 1981, 1♀. <bold>Guangdong </bold>(IZCAS): Guangzhou, VIII.1984, 1♂; Yingde, Chayesuo, 1♂. <bold>Guangxi </bold>(IZCAS):<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> Bobai, Yunfei, Fenchang, 2–3.I.1986, coll. Wang Jijian, 1♂2♀. <bold>Chongqing </bold>(IZCAS): Beipei, Jinyunshan, 10–12.II.1987, 1♂1♀. <bold>Yunnan </bold>(IZCAS): Suining, VII.1980, 1♂. <bold>VIETNAM</bold> (ZFMK): Tam Dao, 950 m and Fan-si-pan, 1520 m, III.1995, large series of males and a few females.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing, Yunnan), Japan, Vietnam.</p><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 4–20.</label><caption><p>Adults of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>4</bold>–<bold>6</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston melacron</named-content></italic>. <bold>4</bold> male (holotype <bold>5</bold> male <bold>6</bold> ditto, underside <bold>7</bold>–<bold>10</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic>. <bold>7</bold> male <bold>8</bold> ditto, underside <bold>9</bold> female <bold>10</bold> ditto, underside <bold>11</bold>–<bold>12</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thoracicaria</named-content></italic>. <bold>11</bold> male <bold>12</bold> female <bold>13</bold>–<bold>16</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia parva</named-content></italic>. <bold>13</bold> male (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston huberaria tienschana</named-content></italic>) <bold>14</bold> male (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston cognataria sinitibetica</named-content></italic>) <bold>15</bold> mal <bold>16</bold> female <bold>17</bold>–<bold>18</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia nepalensis</named-content></italic>. <bold>17</bold> male <bold>18</bold> female <bold>19</bold>–<bold>20</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content></italic>. <bold>19</bold> male (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum kiangsua</named-content></italic>) <bold>20</bold> male. Scale bar = 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g002"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_thoracicaria"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">thoracicaria</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Oberthür, 1884)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_thoracicaria</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 11, 12</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">72</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">99</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">118</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Jankowskia thoracicaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Oberthür, 1884</xref>, <italic>Études ent.</italic>, 9: 26, pl. 2, fig. 8. 4 Syntypes 4♂♀, Russia: Sidemi. (ZFMK)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Lycia tortuosa</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Wileman, 1911</xref>, <italic>Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.</italic>, 1911 (2): 310, pl. 30, fig. 1, pl. 31, fig. 27. Holotype ♂, Japan: Oshima, Tobetsu. (BMNH) (Synonymized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Inoue, (1976)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thoracicaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout, 1915</xref>, <italic>in </italic>Seitz, <italic>Macrolepid. World</italic>, 4: 359, pl. 19: g.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The external characters of this species are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic> as follows: the male antennae are partially bipectinate and filiform at apex; the forewing postmedial line protrudes outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> and between CuA<sub>2 </sub>and 1A + 2A; the discal spots of both wings are stripe-like. But it can be distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic> by the following characters: distinctly smaller; the wing colour is dark brown, but greyish black in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>; the hindwing basal line is present, but absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>; the forewing R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2</sub> are separate, but stalked in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>. In the male genitalia, the apex of the uncus and the median process of the gnathos are more slender than those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>; the valva is more slender and longer; the juxta is much narrower; the cornutus is small and spine-like, whereas <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic> has two kinds of cornuti, one is a large bundle of spines, the other is a small tuft of spines. In the female genitalia, the corpus bursae is curved in the anterior half, while in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>, it is expanded posteriorly and narrow medially; the signum is elliptic, with several small marginal spines, whereas it is bar-like and without marginal spines in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>RUSSIA</bold> (ZFMK): Sidemi, coll. Oberthür, 2♂ (Syntypes); Dairen, Mantschourie, coll. H. Höne, 1♂ (Syntype). <bold>CHINA, Shaanxi</bold> (ZFMK): Tsinling, Tapaishan, coll. H. Höne, 8♂1♀. <bold>Shantung [Shandong]</bold> (ZFMK): Tai-Shan, 1550 m, coll. H. Höne, large seriesincluding 3♀. <bold>Jiangsu</bold> (ZFMK): Nanking, Lungtan, coll. H. Höne, 3♂; <bold>Zhejiang</bold> (ZFMK): East-tien-mu-shan, coll. H. Höne, 3♂; <bold>Yuennan</bold> <bold>[Yunnan]</bold> (ZFMK): Li-kiang, coll. H. Höne,1♂. <bold>Beijing</bold> (IZCAS): 5.VII.1949, 1♀; VII.1972, coll. Zhang Baolin, 3♂; Baihuashan, 9.VII.1973, coll. Han Yinheng, 1♀. <bold>Hebei</bold> (IZCAS): Yibao, 12.VIII.1972, coll. Zhang Baolin, 3♂. <bold>Henan</bold> (IZCAS): Xinyang, Jigongshan, 250 m, 20–21.VII.2002, coll. Han Hongxiang, 1♂. <bold>Shaanxi</bold> (IZCAS): Huangbaiyuan, 13.VII.1980, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂. <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><bold>Gansu</bold> (IZCAS): Wenxian, Bikou, 720 m, 28.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian, 1♂. <bold>Zhejiang</bold> (IZCAS): Tianmushan, 4.V.1980, coll. Cai Rongquan, 1♂. <bold>Hubei</bold> (IZCAS): Shennongjia, Shouge, 900 m, 18.VI.1981, coll. Han Yinheng, 2♂.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Yunnan), Russia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_betularia"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">betularia</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Linnaeus, 1758)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_betularia</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 13–18</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">73, 74</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">100, 101</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">119, 120</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena(Geometra) betularia</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Linnaeus, 1758</xref>, <italic>Syst. Nat</italic>., (Ed. 10) 1: 521. Syntype(s), Europe. (LSL)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena (Noctua) p-graecum</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Poda, 1761</xref>, <italic>Insecta Musei Graecensis</italic>: 90. Syntype(s). (Synonymized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli (1941)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">? marmoraria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Sepp, 1792, <italic>Nederlandsche Insecten</italic>, 2: pl. 10, pl. 11, Syntype(s), Netherlands. (Treated as a synonym of <italic>Biston betularia betularia</italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. (1999)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Phalaena (Geometra) ulmaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Borkhausen, 1794</xref>, <italic>Natur. eur. Schmett</italic>., 5: 181. Syntype(s), Europe. (Treated as a synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia betularia</named-content></italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. (1999)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyja betularia</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hübner, 1825</xref>, <italic>Verz. bekannter Schmett</italic>.: 318.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis huberaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Ballion, 1866, <italic>Horae Soc. ent. ross</italic>., 4: 29, pl. 1, fig. 1. Syntype(s), Russia: Western Siberia, near Omsk. (ZISP) (Synonymized by Vijdalepp, (1979))
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Millière, 1870</xref>, <italic>Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lépid. inédits</italic>, 3: 117, pl. 111, fig. 1. Syntypes, including at least 3♂, 4♀, England. (Synonymized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli (1941)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eurbyjodonta concinna</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Warren, 1899</xref>, <italic>Novit. zool</italic>., 6: 50. Holotype ♂, Kazakhstan?: Ili district. (BMNH) (Synonymized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli (1941)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout, 1915</xref>, <italic>in </italic>Seitz, <italic>Macrolepid. World</italic>, 4: 358, pl. 19: g.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston cognataria alexandrina</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 432, pl. 36: a. Syntypes 4♂, Kirghizstan: Alexander Mountains. (ZFMK) (Treated as a synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia betularia</named-content></italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. (1999)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston (Eubyjodonta) huberaria tienschana</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 435, pl. 36: d, g. Holotype ♂, China: Xinjiang, Ürümqi, Tian-shan. (ZFMK) (Treated as a synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston huberaria</named-content></italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. (1999)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston cognataria sinitibetica</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 433, pl. 36: a. Syntypes ♂, ♀, China (west): Kangding. (ZFMK) (Treated as a synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia parva</named-content></italic> Leech, 1897 by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. (1999)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>See the previous species.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Xinjiang </bold>(ZFMK): Urumtschi, Tian-schan<bold>, </bold>1♂ (Holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston huberaria tienschana</named-content></italic>). <bold>Szetschwan [Sichuan]</bold> (ZFMK): Tachien-lu [Kangding], 1♂ (Holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston cognataria sinitibetica</named-content></italic> Wehrli, 1941). <bold>Heilongjiang<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></bold>(IZCAS): Dailing, 390 m, 3–9.VII.1962, coll. Bai Jiuwei, 3♂; Jiamusi, 23.VIII.1970, coll. Song Shimei, 1♂; Wuchang, 8–10.VII.1970, 2♂2♀. <bold>Jilin</bold> (IZCAS): Changbaishan, 2–13.VII.1982, coll. Zhang Baolin, 10♂2♀; Beipiao, 1984, coll. Liu Jin, 1♂. <bold>Inner Mongolia</bold> (IZCAS): Wuchagou, 21.VII.1981, 1♂; Jiwen, 15–27.VII.1982, 1♂1♀; Genhe, 4.VII.1983, 1♂1♀; Xilin Gol, 1100 m, 21.VII.1985, coll. Liu Dajun, 2♂; Oragxan, 4.VII.1983, 1♀; Oragxan, 27.VI.1985, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Chen Barag, Bayan Hure, 2–3.VII.1986, 1♂1♀; Oroqen, Alihe, 31.VII.1986, coll. Gong Yushan, 1♂; Dayangshu, 20–23.VI.1983, coll. Xue Dayong, 2♂1♀. <bold>Beijing</bold> (IZCAS): Sanpu, 16.VII.1965, 1♂; Baihuashan, 16.VII–1.VIII.1972, coll. Han Yinheng and Zhang Baolin, 8♂; Mentougou, Xiaolongmen, 1100 m, 23.VI.2001, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Mentougou, Liyuanling, 1100 m, 11–12.VIII.2004, coll. Li Hongmei, 1♂. <bold>Hebei</bold> (IZCAS): Chengde, 11.VI.1980, 2♂; Chicheng, Longmensuo, Liuzhuangzi, 10–11.VIII.2006, coll. Yang Chao, 1♂1♀. <bold>Shanxi</bold> (IZCAS):Yuncheng, Zhongtiaoshan, coll. Cao Tianwen, 4♂. <bold>Henan</bold> (IZCAS): Linxian, 1981, 1♂; Lingbao, Chuankou, 20.VII.1981, 1♂. <bold>Shaanxi</bold> (IZCAS): Huangbaiyuan, 13.VII.1980, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂; Yan’an, 5.VI.1981, 3♂2♀; Taibai, 3.VII.1981, 1♀; Liuba, 1020 m, 18.VII.1998, coll. Zhang Xuezhong, 2♂. <bold>Ningxia</bold> (IZCAS): Jingyuan, 1998–2295 m, 25.VI.–10.VII.2008, coll. Song Wenhui, 32♂1♀; Longde, 2165–2330 m, 3–5.VII.2008, coll. Song Wenhui, 11♂2♀. <bold>Gansu</bold> (IZCAS): Yongdeng, Liancheng Linchang, 20.VII–15.VIII.1985, coll. Meng Feng, 2♂; Yongdeng, Tulugou, 2280 m, 25–29.VII.1991, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂3♀; Yongdeng, Liancheng Linchang, Tulugou, 2600 m, 8.VIII.2005, coll. Li Jing and Han Hongxiang, 2♂; Zhuoni, 2500 m, 4.IX.1990, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Kangxian, Baiyunshan, 1250–1750 m, 12.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian, 1♂; Zhouqu, Shatan Linchang, 2350 m, 4–5.VII.1998, coll. Wang Hongjian and Wang Shuyong, 18♂2♀; Zhouqu, Shatan Linchang, 2357 m, 22.VIII.2001, coll. Cao Xiuwen, 1♂; Diebu, Anzigou, 20.VI–20.VII.2000, 4♂; Dangchang, 1800 m, 7.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian, 3♂; Wenxian, Qiujiaba, 2350 m, 7–22.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian, 3♂1♀; Wenxian, Tielou, 1450 m, 24.VII.1999, coll. Zhu Chaodong, 8♂. <bold>Qinghai</bold> (IZCAS): Menyuan, Xianmi, 2800 m, 23–24.VII.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂5♀; Huanglin, 17.VII.1977, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂; Huzhu, Beishan, 2300 m, 30.VII.1991, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Huzhu, Beishan Linchang, Langshidang, 2600 m, 6–7.VIII.2005, coll. Xue Dayong, 4♂3♀; Tongren, Maixiu, 2950 m, 30.VII–1.VIII.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 14♂2♀; Xining, 6.VII.1981, 1♀. <bold>Xinjiang</bold> (IZCAS): Ürümqi, 21.VI.1965, 2♂; Ürümqi, 1974.VI.22, coll. Chen Yixin, 1♂; Aksu, 19.VII.1982, 1♂. <bold>Fujian</bold> (IZCAS): Mt. Wuyi, Sangang, 5–9.VI.1983, coll. Wang Linyao, 4♂. <bold>Sichuan</bold> (IZCAS): Batang, 1974, 8♂; Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 1.V.1957, coll. Huang Keren, 1♂; Kangding, 30.VI–6.VII.1979, coll. Chen Tailu, 8♂1♀. <bold>Yunnan</bold> (IZCAS): Deqin, 3250 m, 15.VII.1982, coll. Wang Shuyong, 2♂; Xiaozhongdian, 3100 m, 31.VII.1984, coll. Chen Yixin, 1♀; Lijiang, Shiyan Linchang, 2460 m, V.1979, 1♂; Lijiang, Yulongshan, 2700–2850 m, 17–27.VII.1984, coll. Chen Yixin and Liu Dayun, 4♂1♀; Lijiang, Yuhu, 2700 m, 27.VII.1984, coll. Liu Dayun, 1♂; Lijiang, Gaoshan Zhiwuyuan, 3260 m, 15–18.VI.2009, coll. Qi Feng, 1♂; Cuishan, Shatanshao, 2300 m, 13.VIII.1980, 1♂; Kunming, Jinzhusi, 1880 m, 15.VIII.1980, 1♂; Yongping, Beidou, Qianmatang, 2200 <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>m, 10.VIII.1980, 1♂. <bold>Tibet</bold> (IZCAS): Qamdo, 19.VIII.1984, coll. Jiang Basang, 1♀; Markam, Pula, 23.VII.1984, coll. Jiang Basang, 2♂; Nyingchi, Shang Zayü, 1960 m, 21–23.VIII.2005, coll. Wang Xuejian, 6♂; Nyingchi, Bayi, 2999 m, 1–3.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun<bold>, </bold>2♀; Mainling, Pai, Zhuanyunzhan, 2883 m, 4–6.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 1♀; Yadong, 2800 m, 8.VI.1961, coll. Wang Linyao, 1♂; Yadong, 14.VI.1983, coll. Wangjia Tsering, 1♀. <bold>MONGOLIA</bold> (IZCAS): Batshireet, Hentiy, 1108 m, 29.VI.2009, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 20♂; Binder, Henity, 1032 m, 29.VI–1.VII.2009, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 20♂5♀; Dadal, Hentiy, 944 m, 2.VII.2009, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 10♂; Choybalsan, Dornod, 733 m, 6.VII.2009, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 2♂. More material from Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), Russia, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Europe, North America.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p>There are two subspecies of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic> distributed in China, they are <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia parva</named-content></italic> Leech, 1897 (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content></italic> var. <italic>parva</italic> Leech, 1897, <italic>Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.</italic>, (6) 19: 323. Syntypes 1♂, 2♀, China: Kangding. (BMNH)) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 13–16</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">73</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">100</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">119</xref>) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia nepalensis</named-content></italic> Inoue, 1982 (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia nepalensis</named-content></italic> Inoue, 1982, <italic>Bull. Fac. domest. Sci. Otsuma Wom. Univ.</italic>, 18: 175, figs 40a, b. Holotype ♂, Nepal: Tukcha, near Daulagiri. (BMNH)) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 17–18</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">74</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">101</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">120</xref>). In China, the former is widely distributed in the greater part of the country, the latter is distributed in Yunnan and Tibet, and can be distinguished from the former by the weaker transverse lines and the blunter projections of the postmedian lines on both wings.
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_robustum"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">robustum</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Butler, 1879</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_robustum</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figs 19, 20</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">75</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">102</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Butler, 1879</xref>, <italic>Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.</italic>, (5) 4: 371. Syntype(s), Japan: Yokohama. (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum kiangsua</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 433, pl. 36: b. Holotype ♂, China: Shanghai. (ZFMK) (Treated as a synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum robustum</named-content></italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al. (1999)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The external characters of this species are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston porphyria</named-content></italic> (Butler, 1889) (India) as follows: the male antennae are bipectinate to tip; greyish brown bands are present basally of the antemedial line of the forewing and distally of the postmedial lines of both wings; the forewing medial line converges with the postmedial line at 1A + 2A; the hindwing postmedial line acutely protrudes between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; the submarginal lines of both wings are dark grey. But the species can be distinguished by the following characters: this species (length of forewing: 28–30 mm in male) is larger than <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston porphyria</named-content></italic>; the wings are broader; the hindwing medial line is<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> more conspicuous. The male genitalia of the species are similar to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic> as follows: the apex of the uncus is bifurcated; the median process of the gnathos is about one-half length of the uncus; the juxta is long, narrow, and acute apically. But it can be distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic> by the longer and narrower valva and the absence of cornuti.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Shanghai</bold> (ZFMK): 1♂ (Holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum kiangsua</named-content></italic>). <bold>Shandong</bold> (IZCAS): Gujiding, 13.IV.1981, 3♂. <bold>Jiangsu</bold> (IZCAS): Nanjing, Qixiaqu, Yaohuamen, 16.III.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 3♂. More material from Shaanxi, 2♂ from Taiwan, many from Japan, 2♂ from Korea and many from Vietnam in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan), Japan, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p>There are two Chinese subspecies of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content></italic>, they are <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum robustum</named-content></italic> Butler, 1879 and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum subrobustum</named-content></italic> Inoue, 1964 (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum subrobustum</named-content></italic> Inoue, 1964, <italic>Kontyû</italic>, 32 (2): 338, pl. 8, fig. 3. Holotype ♂, Taiwan (central): Puli. (BMNH)). The former is distributed in the mainland China, the latter is distributed in Taiwan. The description of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum kiangsua</named-content></italic> Wehrli was based on a single, rather aberrant specimen, with a single printed label “Shanghai China”. Similar forms occur in Japan, as mentioned by Wehrli (1941). So this name very probably does not denote a valid subspecies and it is synonymized correctly.
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mediolata</named-content>
</named-content> <named-content content-type="taxon-status">sp. n.</named-content></title><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3657C566-2007-4007-B07E-1C3606EF048D</p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_mediolata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figs 21–24</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">76</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">103</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">121</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Walker, sensu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">Xue, 1992a</xref>; <italic>in</italic> Liu, <italic>Iconography of Forest Insects in Hunan China</italic>: 880.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><sec sec-type="Head"><title>Head.</title><p>Antennae about one-third length of forewing, bipectinate in basal three-fifths, filiform in terminal two-fifths, rami short, length of longest ramus about the same as diameter of antennal shaft; filiform in female. Frons not protruding, smooth-scaled, with basal half white, upper half black. Labial palpus black, small, not extending beyond frons. Vertex white.</p><p>Thorax. Dorsum greyish white, scattered with black scales. Patagia and tegulae greyish white, mottled with black scales, pale yellow distally. Posterior margin of metanotum with yellow scales medially. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male, slightly dilated, without hair-pencil. Forewing length: male 32–34 mm; female 42 mm. Forewing outer margin almost straight, hindwing round. Wings white, with pale grey striation. Pattern of forewing: antemedial line black, almost straight anteriorly, distinct, accompanied by a pale yellow band basally; medial line greyish yellow, indistinct; postmedial line black, distinct, acutely protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>M<sub>3</sub>, shallowly protruding outwards between CuA<sub>2</sub> and 1A + 2A, sometimes internally dentate on veins; a pale yellow band distally of postmedial line, diffused with black patches; terminal line black; fringe pale yellow mixed with black; discal spot present as pale grey dot, indistinct. Hindwing with basal line black, distinct; medial line only<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> distinct near anal margin; postmedial line black, bluntly protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>, sometimes appearing as black serrations on veins; a pale yellow band distally of postmedial line; terminal line indistinct; fringe and discal spot similar to those of forewing. Underside white; transverse lines dark grey, similar to those of forewing, discal spot black, heavy, on hindwing smaller than on forewing.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="Abdomen"><title>Abdomen.</title><p>First abdominal segment greyish white with black basal margin, remaining segments yellowish brown, scattered with black dots. Setal patch absent on third sternite of male abdomen.</p></sec><sec sec-type="Male genitalia"><title>Male genitalia.</title><p>Uncus somewhat trapeziform, about three-fifths length of basal width. Gnathos with median process short and broad, round terminally, about two-fifths length of uncus. Valva simple, broad at base, gradually narrowing apically, about twice as long as basal width; costa sclerotized, incurved medially, expanded with particularly dense setae basally. Saccus round, about one-third length of basal width. Juxta short and broad, almost round. Coremata not developed. Aedeagus cylindrical, sclerotized dorsally; vesica scobinate, cornutus shaped as a narrow band.</p></sec><sec sec-type="Female genitalia"><title>Female genitalia.</title><p>Ovipositor with apophyses posteriores elongate. Lamella postvaginalis small and almost triangular. Ostium bursae sclerotized. Ductus bursae striated longitudinally, short. Corpus bursae long, curved medially, swollen anteriorly, bearing a signum; signum long elliptic with marginal spines.</p></sec><sec sec-type="Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The wing pattern of this species is similar to that of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic> as follows: the forewing outer margin is almost straight anteriorly; the antemedial line is black, broad and almost straight; the postmedial line acutely protrudes between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; the medial lines of both wings are greyish yellow and indistinct; pale yellow bands are present basally of the forewing antemedial line and distally of the postmedial line of both wings; the hindwing basal line is black and distinct. But this species is smaller and can be distinguished by the following characters: the postmedial lines of both wings are narrower; the forewing postmedial line weakly protrudes outwards between CuA<sub>2 </sub>and 1A + 2A, while in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic>, it is straight; the protrusion between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of the hindwing postmedial line is round but sharply angled in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic>; the discal spots on the underside of both wings are larger and heavier. In the male genitalia: the much broader uncus and valva of the new species are distinctly different from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic>. The female genitalia are similar to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic> as follows: the apophyses posteriores are long; the ostium bursae is sclerotized; the ductus bursae is very short; the corpus bursae is curved medially; the signum is elliptic and narrow. But it can be distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic> by presence of the lamella postvaginalis.
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Type material"><title>Type material.</title><p>Holotype(IZCAS), ♂, <bold>CHINA, Hubei:</bold> Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1200 m, 18.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei. Paratypes, <bold>CHINA, Shaanxi</bold>(IZCAS): Liuba, Miaotaizi, 1470–1550 m, 1–2.VII.1999, coll. He Tongli, 2♂. <bold>Gansu</bold>(IZCAS): Kangxian, Qinghe Linchang, 1450–1650 m, 15.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian, 1♂; Wenxian, Dianba, 23.VI.1992, coll. Wang Hongjian, 1♂. <bold>Hubei</bold>(IZCAS):Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1260–1350 m, 17–23.VI., 14–21.VII.1993, coll. Huang Runzhi, Song Shimei and Yao Jian, 11♂; Hefeng, 1240 m. 21–31.VII.1989, coll. Li Wei, 4♂; <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Hefeng, Fenshuiling, 1240 m, 1989.VII.29, coll. Li Wei, 1♀; Badong, 19.V.1989, coll. Li Wei, 1♂. <bold>Hunan</bold>(IZCAS): Chenzhou, Guanlisuo, 8.VII.1969, 1♂. <bold>Fujian</bold>(IZCAS): Mt. Wuyi, Sangang, 740 m, 25.V.–30.VI.1960, coll. Zhang Yiran, 2♂; Mt. Wuyi, Sangang, 10.V.1981, coll. Wang Jiashe, 1♂; Mt. Wuyi, Sangang, 14.VI.1983, coll. Wang Linyao, 1♂. <bold>Guangxi </bold>(IZCAS):Nanningqu, Linkesuo, 110 m, 17.IV.1984, 1♂; Mao’ershan, 1600 m, 15.VII.1985, coll. Fang Chenglai, 1♂; Jinxiu Shengtangshan, 900–1900 m, 29.VI.2000, coll. Li Wenzhu, 1♂; Jinxiu, Linhai, Shanzhuang, 1000 m, 2.VII.2000, coll. Li Wenzhu, 3♂. <bold>Sichuan</bold>(IZCAS):Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 22.V., 21–26.VI., 11–16.VII.1957, coll. Huang Keren and Zhu Fuxing, 7♂. <bold>Hubei</bold> (ZFMK): Wufeng, Yizhuxiang, 1560 m, VI.1998, coll. Wang and Li 1♂. <bold>Fukien</bold> <bold>[Fujian]</bold> (ZFMK): Kuatun, 2300 m, 28.V., 1.VI.1938, coll. J. Klapperich, 2♂. <bold>Hainan</bold> (ZFMK): Wuzhishan, 1600 m, VII.1998, coll. Yin and Wang, 6♂. <bold>VIETNAM</bold> (ZFMK): Mt. Fan-si-pan, 1600–1800 m, 8-29.V.1993, coll. Sinjaev and Simonov, 2♂.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Etymology"><title>Etymology.</title><p>The specific name is from the Latin prefix <italic>medio</italic>- and the word <italic>latus</italic>, which means medially and broad, refers to the shape of the valva.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan), Vietnam.</p><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 21–30.</label><caption><p>Adults of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>21</bold>–<bold>24</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston mediolata</named-content></italic>sp. n. <bold>21</bold> male (holotype) <bold>22</bold> ditto, underside <bold>23</bold> female (paratype) <bold>24</bold> ditto, underside. <bold>25</bold>–<bold>26</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic>. <bold>25</bold> male <bold>26</bold> ditto, underside; <bold>27</bold>–<bold>30</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston bengaliaria</named-content></italic>. <bold>27</bold> male <bold>28</bold> ditto, underside <bold>29</bold> female <bold>30</bold> ditto, underside. Scale bar = 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g003"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_contectaria"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">contectaria</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Walker, 1863)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_contectaria</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figs 25, 26</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">77</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">104</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis contectaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Walker, 1863</xref>, <italic>List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus</italic>., 26: 1529. Holotype ♀, India. (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cusiala</named-content></italic>) <italic>bengaliaria</italic> f. <italic>contectaria</italic>: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hampson, 1895</xref>, <italic>Fauna Br. India</italic> (Moths), 3: 248.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Yazaki, 1992</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Haruta, <italic>Tinea</italic>, 13 (Suppl. 2): 33.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The external characters of this species are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic> Holloway, 1994 (Borneo), but it can be distinguished from those species by the following differences: this species (length of forewing: 27–28 mm in male) is larger than <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> and smaller than <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic>; the protrusion between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of the forewing postmedial line is relatively acute, but blunt or bilobed in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic>; the hindwing basal line is more distinct in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic>; the projection between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of the the hindwing postmedial line is relatively acute in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic>, but blunt in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic>. In the male genitalia, the apex of the uncus is broader than that of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic>, and is almost not bifurcated; the median process of the gnathos is shorter and round distally, whereas it is longer and pointed in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic>; the costa and the ventral margin of the valva are curved, while those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> and<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic> are less curved or even incurved or concavely curved; the costa is expanded and has dense setae basally, while it is straight in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston inouei</named-content></italic>; the juxta is shorter and less pointed apically.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Yunnan</bold> (IZCAS):Yunxian, Xingfuzhen, 103 m, 2.VIII.1980, coll. Yang Tianshou, 1♂; Tengchong, Dahaoping, 2020 m, 24–26.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 6♂; Tengchong, Heinitang, 1930 m, 28–30.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Dulongjiang, 1500 m, 29.V.2006, coll. Xiao Ningnian, 1♂. More material from several parts of Yunnan in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Yunnan), India, Nepal.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_bengaliaria"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bengaliaria</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Guenée, 1858)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_bengaliaria</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figs 27–30</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">78</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">105</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">122</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis bengaliaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Guenée, 1858</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Boisduval & Guenée, <italic>Hist. nat. Insectes</italic> (Spec. gén. Lépid.), 9: 210; <italic>ibidem</italic> (1858) Atlas; pl. 4, fig. 2. Syntypes 3♂, 1♀, Bengal; India (central). (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Blepharoctenia bengaliaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Warren, 1894</xref>, <italic>Novit. zool</italic>., 1: 428.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston (Cusiala) bengaliaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hampson, 1895</xref>, <italic>Fauna Br. India</italic> (Moths), 3: 247.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston bengaliaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Yazaki, 1992</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Haruta, <italic>Tinea</italic>, 13 (Suppl. 2): 33.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The external characters of this species are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic>, but it can be distinguished from that species by the following differences: the wings are pale yellow but white in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic>; the forewing postmedial line is much narrower and protruding outwards between CuA<sub>2 </sub>and 1A + 2A, while in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic>, it is broader and without such a protrusion; the discal spot on the hindwing upperside is large, round, black, while in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic> it is almost absent; the discal spots on the underside of both wings are larger and heavier. The male genitalia are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic>, but it can be distinguished by the square apex of the juxta, the shorter median process of the gnathos and the presence of a cornutus which is a short spinous patch. The female genitalia are similar to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic>. But it differs in that the corpus bursae is coiled anteriorly; the signum is longer and narrower; the ostium bursae is more strongly sclerotized.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Yunnan</bold> (IZCAS): Yuanjiang, 500 m, 12.V.1957, coll. Liang Qiuzhen, 1♀; Cangyuan, 750 m, 22.V.1980, coll. Song Shimei, 1♂; Xishuangbanna, Menglun, 27.V.1964, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂; Xishuangbanna, Bubang, 700 m, 14.IX.1993, coll. Cheng Xinyue, 3♂. <bold>Tibet</bold> (IZCAS): Mêdog, Beibung, 700–800 m, 11.VI.1983, coll. Lin Zai, 2♂; Mêdog, Yarang, 902–1091 m, 14–23.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 6♂. More material from several parts of Yunnan in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Yunnan, Tibet), India, Bengal, Thailand.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_pustulata"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pustulata</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Warren, 1896)</named-content> <named-content content-type="taxon-status">New to the fauna of China</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_pustulata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figs 31, 32</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">79</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">106</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura pustulata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Warren, 1896</xref>, <italic>Novit. zool</italic>., 3: 401. Holotype ♂, Peninsular Malaysia: Perak. (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Holloway, 1994</xref>, <italic>Malay. Nat. J.</italic>,47: 210, pl. 12, fig. 452.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Description"><title>Description.</title><p>Head. Male antennae about two-fifths length of forewing, bipectinate in basal two-thirds, filiform in terminal one-third, rami long, length of longest ramus about three and half times diameter of antennal shaft. Frons not protruding, smoothscaled, with basal half pale yellow, upper half black. Labial palpus black, small, pale yellow apically, not extending beyond frons. Vertex pale yellow.</p><p>Thorax. Dorsum white-dotted with black scales. Patagia and tegulae white, mottled with black scales, yellow apically. Posterior margin of metanotum with two pairs of pale yellow spots. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in male, slightly dilated, without hair-pencil. Forewing length: male 29 mm. Forewing outer margin straight, hindwing round. Wings greyish white, dotted with pale grey scales. Pattern of forewing: antemedial line black, slightly waved, distinct, accompanied by a pale yellow band basally; medial line pale yellow, indistinct; postmedial line black, distinct, bilobedly protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>, then incurved, protruding outwards between CuA<sub>2</sub> and 1A + 2A; a pale yellow band distally of postmedial line; black patches present between M<sub>1</sub> and CuA<sub>1</sub> distally of postmedial line and reaching outer margin between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; submarginal line white, dentate; terminal line a series of short black strips between veins; fringe yellow mixed with black; discal spot present as grey dot. Hindwing with basal line black; medial line pale yellow, indistinct; postmedial line black, acutely protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; a pale yellow band distally of postmedial line, scattered with black scales; submarginal line and fringe similar to those of forewing; terminal line less distinct than that of forewing; discal spot smaller. Underside pale yellow, transverse lines dark grey, similar to those of upper side, discal spots black, more distinct than those of upper side.
</p><p>Abdomen. Dorsum greyish white, dotted with black scales, anal tuft pale yellow. Setal patch absent on third sternite of male abdomen.</p><p>Male genitalia. Uncus with bifurcate apex, about two-thirds length of basal width. Gnathos with median process slender, pointed terminally, equal to length of uncus. Valva compressed, about twice as long as basal width; costa sclerotized, straight, bearing long setae from center to apex. Saccus semicircular. Juxta long and broad, terminal half triangular, with pointed apex. Coremata not developed. Aedeagus cylindrical, striated posteriorly; vesica scobinate, without cornuti.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species is similar to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> (see below).
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Hainan</bold> (IZCAS): Ledong, Jianfengling, Tianchi, 808 m, 18.V.2009, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 1♂.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Hainan); S. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sundaland.<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment></p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p>The Hainan specimen is different from specimens of Bornean material in the distinct transverse lines and the more acute projection between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of the hindwing postmedial line. However, the male genitalia of the Hainan specimen are almost indentical to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic> from Borneo which were illustrated by <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Holloway (1994)</xref>. Thus we classify the Hainan specimen as <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic>. If these differences prove constant in a larger number of specimens, the Hainan population should be described as a separate subspecies.
</p><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 31–42.</label><caption><p>Adults of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>31</bold>–<bold>32</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic>. <bold>31</bold> male <bold>32</bold> ditto, underside. <bold>33</bold>–<bold>40</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic>. <bold>33</bold> male (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benesparsa</named-content></italic>) <bold>34</bold> ditto, underside <bold>35</bold> male (Cili, Hunan) <bold>36</bold> ditto, underside <bold>37</bold> male (Diaoluoshan, Hainan) <bold>38</bold> male (Bawangling, Hainan) <bold>39</bold> female <bold>40</bold> ditto, underside; <bold>41</bold>–<bold>42</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis</named-content></italic>. <bold>41</bold> male <bold>42</bold> female. Scale bar = 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g004"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_suppressaria"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">suppressaria</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Guenée, 1858)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_suppressaria</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figs 33–40</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">80</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">107</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">123</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasys suppressaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Guenée, 1858</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Boisduval & Guenée, <italic>Hist. nat. Insectes</italic> (Spec. gén. Lépid.), 9: 210. Syntypes 1♂, 2♀, central India.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura multipunctaria </named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Walker, 1863</xref>, <italic>List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus.</italic>, 26: 1531. Syntypes 3♂♀, Silhet? (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hampson, 1895</xref>, <italic>Fauna Br. India </italic>(Moths), 3: 247.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura suppressaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout, 1915</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Macrolepid. World</italic>, 4: 360, pl. 19: i.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura suppressaria benescripta</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout, 1915</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Macrolepid. World</italic>, 4: 360. Holotype ♂, China: Chung-king. (BMNH), syn. n.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston (Buzura) suppressaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, in <italic>Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 436.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston (Buzura) suppressaria f. benesparsa</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 436, pl. 36: f. Holotype ♂, China: Hunan, Höng-shan. (ZFMK)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Inoue, 1992</xref>, <italic>Bull. Fac. domest. Sci. Otsuma Wom. Univ.</italic>, 28: 171, figs 59, 60, 62–64. Holotype ♂, Thailand: Chanthaburi, Khao Soi Dao, 400 m. (UOS), syn. n.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species is very close to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic>, but we can distinguish it by the following characters: the protrusion between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of the forewing postmedial line is shorter, shallowly bilobed and sometimes round; the projection between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> of the hindwing postmedial line is round. In the male genitalia, it differs in the round apex of the juxta. The diagnostic characters of the female genitalia can be seen in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston bengaliaria</named-content></italic>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Hunan </bold>(ZFMK): Höng-shan, 900m, 25.V.1933, coll. H. Höne, 1♂ (Holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benesparsa</named-content></italic>). <bold>Henan</bold>: Lingshan, 350 m, 25.V.1999, coll. Shen Xiaocheng, 1♂. <bold>Shaanxi</bold> (IZCAS): Foping, 900 m, 27.VI.1999, coll. Zhu Chaodong, 1♂. <bold>Jiangsu</bold> (IZCAS): 2.VIII.1933, 1♂1♀. <bold>Anhui</bold> (IZCAS): Huainan, 19.VII–2.VIII.1981, 2♂. <bold>Zhejiang</bold> (IZCAS): Hangzhou, 19.VII–15.VIII.1972, coll. Liu Youqiao, 7♂; Hangzhou, 16.VII–1.VIII.1973, coll. Liu Youqiao and Zhang Baolin, 6♂1♀; Hangzhou, 22.V–17.VI.1976, coll. Chen Yin, 1♂; Tianmushan, V.1936, 2♀; Tianmushan, 30.VII.1972, coll. Liu Youqiao, 2♂; Tianmushan, 24–25.VII.1973, coll. Zhang Baolin, 2♂; Taishun, Siqianzhen, 250 m, 4.VIII.2005, coll. Lang Songyun, 12♂; Taishun, Wuyanling, 400–680 m, 29.VII.–1.VIII.2005, coll. Lang Songyun, 10♂; <bold>Hubei</bold> (IZCAS):Zigui, Jiulingtou, 220–300 m, 23.VI–25.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei and Yao Jian, 8♂1♀; Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1350 m,<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> 21.VI–25.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei and Huang Runzhi, 3♂; Badong, Sanxia Linchang, 180 m, 13–14.V.1994, coll. Li Wenzhu, 2♂; Dangyang, 1980, 1♂. <bold>Jiangxi</bold> (IZCAS): Dayu, 18.VII.1975, coll. Song Shimei and Zhang Baolin, 2♂; Jiulianshan, 30–31.VII.1975, coll. Song Shimei, 4♂; Dadishan, X.1980, 1♂; Xinyu, VII.1980, 1♂; Boyang, VII.1980, 1♂. <bold>Hunan</bold> (IZCAS): Changsha, Weishengwusuo, 3.V.1979, coll. Gan Yuankai, 1♂; Yueyang, VI.1981, 1♂; Cili, IV–17.V.1981, 2♂; Fenghuang, 16.IX.1988, coll. Song Shimei, 1♀. <bold>Fujian</bold> (IZCAS): Mt. Wuyi, Huangxizhou, 500 m, 29.VII.2006, coll. Yang Chao, 1♂; Nanjing, 24.VII.1973, coll. Chen Yixin, 1♂; Sanming, 13.VII–29.VIII.1981, coll. Xiao Hu, 3♂; Jiangle, Longqishan, 10.VIII.1991, coll. Song Shimei, 1♂. <bold>Guangdong</bold> (IZCAS): Boluo, III.1973, 3♂; Guangzhou, 29.V.1973, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂; Guangzhou, VII.1985, coll. Su Xing, 1♂; Yingde, Chayesuo, 30.VII.1979, 1♂; Zhiwuyuan, 13.VI.1978, 1♂. <bold>Hainan</bold> (IZCAS): Danzhou, Liangyuan, 130 m, 16.V.2007, coll. Han Hongxiang and Lang Songyun, 3♂1♀; Limushan, 26.V.1984, 1♀; Qiongzhong, Limuling, 14.V.2007, coll. Han Hongxiang, 1♂; Baisha, Yinggeling, 434 m, 4–5.IV.2008, coll. Lang Songyun, 7♂1♀; Wuzhishan, Shuiman, 730–900 m, 3–8.V.2007, coll. Lang Songyun, 3♂; Tongshi, 340 m, 28.V.1973, coll. Chen Yixin, 1♂; Baoting, 80 m, 23.V.1973, coll. Chen Yixin, 1♂; Wanning, 60 m, 13.VI–29.VII.1963, coll. Zhang Baolin, 3♂1♀; Wanning, Xinglong, 41 m, 21.III.2008, coll. Lang Songyun, 1♂; Ledong, Jianfengling, 70–828 m, 17–21.V.2009, coll. Yan Keji, 11♂; Ledong, Jianfengling, 828 m, 24–27.III.2008, coll. Lang Songyun, 1♂1♀; Lingshui, Diaoluoshan, 260 m, 5.V.2007, coll. Han Hongxiang and Lang Songyun, 3♂1♀. <bold>Guangxi</bold> (IZCAS): Longsheng, 10–11.VI.1980, coll. Wang Linyao, 6♂1♀; Guilin, Yanshan, 19.VII.1976, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂; Guilin, 23.VI.1980, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂; Yulin, 400 m, 15.X.1983, coll. Luo Zhubiao, 1♂; Jinxiu, 200–1100 m, 10–20.V.1999, coll. Han Hongxiang et al., 14♂; Napo, Baihe, 440 m, 7.IV.1998, coll. Wu Chunsheng, 1♂; Qinzhou, 15.IV.1980, coll. Cai Rongquan, 1♂; Nanning, 13.IV.1980, 2♂; Pingxiang, 230 m, 8–17.VI.1976, 5♂2♀. <bold>Sichuan</bold> (IZCAS):Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 20.V.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing, 1♀; Yibin, Cuipingshan, 13.VIII.1981, coll. Zhang Yuelan, 1♂. <bold>Guizhou</bold> (IZCAS): Shibing, Ganxi, 690 m, 29.IV.1979, coll. Liu Wanzhao, 1♀; Jiangkou, Fanjingshan, 500 m, 11.VII.1988, coll. Li Wei, 3♂1♀. <bold>Yunnan</bold> (IZCAS): Baoshan, Bawan, 1100 m, 19–23.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 2♂; Yongshan, 800 m, 30.IV.1979, 1♀; Lushui, 1250 m, 26.IV.1979, 1♀; Yuxi, Yuanjiang, 4.VII.1978, coll. Jiang Zhaolong, 1♂; Funing, Boyi, 250 m, 17.IV.1998, coll. Zhu Chaodong, 1♂; Cangyuan, 750 m, 19–22.V.1980, coll. Li Hongxing et al., 3♂; Ruili, Dengga, 980 m, 11.V–8.VI.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 3♂; Wanding, 400 m, 10.VI.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Xinping, Mosha, 800 m, 9.VIII.1980, 2♂; Jingdong, 1170 m, 21.IV–9.VI.1956, coll. Zagwryyw, 2♂; Xishuangbanna, Damenglong, 650 m, 13.VIII.1958, coll. Zhang Yiran, 1♂; Xishuangbanna, Mengzhe, 1200 m, 8.IX.1958, coll. Wang Shuyong, 1♀; Xishuangbanna, 580–700 m, 13–14.IX.1993, coll. Xu Huanli et al, 3♂; Yiwu, Banna, Menglun, 650 m, 29.IV–2.V.1964, coll. Zhang Baolin, 2♀. <bold>Tibet</bold> (IZCAS): Mêdog, Yarang, 1091 m, 20–23.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 1♂. More material from Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangdong, Sichuan and Yunnan in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Henan, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet); India; Burma; Nepal.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout (1915)</xref> mentioned that <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benescripta</named-content></italic> (Prout, 1915) can be distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria suppressaria</named-content></italic> (Guenée, 1858) by the more obvious transverse lines, the absence of the median yellow band and the sparser black dots on the wings. However, after the examination of a long series of material, we find that the form with these variations occurs sympatrically with the nominotypical subspecies, such as in Hunan (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figs 33, 35</xref>) and Hainan (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figs 37, 38</xref>). And there is no genital difference between the two subspecies. So, we treat <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benescripta</named-content></italic> as a junior synonym of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria suppressaria</named-content></italic>.
</p><p><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content></italic> Inoue, 1992, described from SE. Thailand, is similar to <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benescripta</named-content></italic>, but has the transverse lines even more clearly expressed (e.g. see fig. 37 which is almost identical with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content></italic>). Like <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benescripta</named-content></italic>, also the <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content></italic> form occurs sympatrically with typical <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria suppressaria</named-content></italic> or with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria benesparsa</named-content></italic> Wehrli, the latter being a rather rare form, at many places. Also at the type locality of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content></italic> (Prov. Chanthaburi, Khao Soi Dao) it occurs together with typical <italic>suppressaria</italic> (coll. ZFMK) Comparison of the genitalia of the two revealed no differences. Thus we follow Stüning (in litt.) and synonymize <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content></italic> with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic>. Besides, we also believe that the strange, almost patternless female figured by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Inoue (1992)</xref> as paratype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston luculentus</named-content></italic>, belongs to another, still unidentified species.
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_regalis"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">regalis</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Moore, 1888)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_regalis</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figs 41, 42</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">81</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">108</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">124</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasys regalis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Moore, 1888</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Hewitson & Moore, <italic>Descr. new Indian lepid. Insects Colln late Mr W.S. Atkinson</italic>, (3): 234. Syntypes ♂♀, India: Darjeeling. (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout, 1915</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Macrolepid. World</italic>, 4: 359, pl.19: h.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The wing pattern of this species is similar to that of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston exalbescens</named-content></italic> Inoue, 2000 (Philippines) as follows: the forewing postmedial line is weakly waved, broadly protruding outwards between R<sub>5</sub> and M<sub>3</sub> and below CuA<sub>2</sub>; the hindwing outer margin is concave between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; the hindwing postmedial line protrudes outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>; dark brown bands are present basally of the forewing antemedial line and distally of the postmedial line of both wings, and usually absent at apical area and between M<sub>3</sub> and CuA<sub>1</sub> of the forewing. But the species can be distinguished from <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston exalbescens</named-content></italic> by the following characters: the forewing antemedial line is thinner, the dark brown band basally of it is narrower; the medial lines of both wings are less conspicuous. In the male genitalia, it differs in the much stronger central setose area of the valva; the median process of the gnathos is spatulate terminally, but pointed in <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston exalbescens</named-content></italic>; the juxta is longer and narrower; the vesica with two cornuti, a basal, oval plate with a lateral tooth and an elongate, sclerotized, spined fold. The female genitalia of this species are close to that of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>, but it has a nearly triangular lamella postvaginalis, which is absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>; the ductus bursae is broader and sclerotized, without antrum; the corpus bursae is pouched, but enlarged posteriorly and narrow medially in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>; the signum is almost oval, but bar-like in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia</named-content></italic>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA,</bold> <bold>Liaoning</bold> (IZCAS): Fengcheng, Sitaizi, 23.VII.1982, coll. Song Shimei, 2♂. <bold>Henan</bold> (IZCAS):Nanyang, Baiyunshan, 1300 m, 1.VI.2001, coll. Shen Xiaocheng, 1♂; Nanyang, Baiyunshan, 1400 m, 21–27.VII.2003, coll. Zhang Dandan, 2♂; Nanyang, Baotianman, 24.VI.2006, coll. Shen Xiaocheng, 1♂; Nanyang, Baotianman, 623 m, 12.VIII.2008, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Yanshi, 21.VI.1981, 1♂. <bold>Shaanxi</bold> (IZCAS):Foping, 950 m, 24–25.VII.1998, coll. Yuan Decheng, 4♂; Ningshaan, Huoditang, 1580 m, 19.VIII.1998, coll. Yuan Decheng and Zhang Xuezhong, 3♂;Liuba, Miaotaizi, 1020–1350 m, 18–21.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian and He Tongli, 5♂; Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi, 1350 m, 24.VI.1999, coll. Zhu Chaodong, 1♂; Huangbaiyuan, 1000 m, 13–18.VII.1980, coll. Han Yinheng and Zhang Baolin, 4♂. <bold>Gansu</bold> (IZCAS): Yongdeng, Tulugou, 2280 m, 4.VI.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Tianshui, Longmen Linchang, 1990, 1♂; Chengxian, Feilongxia, 1020 m, 4.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian, 2♂; Kangxian, Baiyunshan, 1250–1750 m, 12.VII.1998, coll. Wang Shuyong and Yao Jian, 2♂; Kangxian, Qinghe Linchang, 1450–1650 m, 4–8.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian and Zhu Chaodong, 3♂; Kangxian, Yangba, 1000 m, 10–11.VII.1999, coll. He Tongli and Zhu Chaodong, 2♂; Wenxian, Tielou, 1450 m, 24.VII.1999, coll. Zhu Chaodong, 3♂; Wenxian, Qiujiaba, 2350 m, 22.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian, 2♂. <bold>Zhejiang</bold> (IZCAS): Tianmushan, 21.VII.1973, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂. <bold>Hubei</bold> (IZCAS): Shennongjia, Songbai, 950 m, 14–18.VII.1980. coll. Yu Peiyu, 3♂; Shennongjia, Dajiuhu, 1800 m, 1.VIII.1981, coll. Han Yinheng, 1♂; Shennongjia, Jiuchong, 700 m, 1.VII.1998, coll. Ye Chanjuan, 1♂; Hefeng, Fenshuiling, 1240 m, 29–31.VII.1989, coll. Li Wei and Yang Longlong, 9♂1♀; Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1300–1350 m, 21.VI–18.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei and Huang Runzhi, 5♂; Lichuan, Xingdoushan, 800 m, 21–23.VII.1989, coll. Li Wei and Yang Longlong, 2♂. <bold>Jiangxi</bold> (IZCAS): Guling, 13.VII.1935, 1♂; Lushan, 5.VII.1975, coll. Liu Youqiao, 1♂. <bold>Hunan</bold> (IZCAS): Sangzhi, 8.VII.1981, 2♂. <bold>Fujian</bold> (IZCAS): Mt. Wuyi, 21.IX.1982, coll. Zhang Baolin, 2♂. <bold>Hainan</bold> (IZCAS):Qiongzhong, Limushan, 647 m, 29.XII.2007, coll. Li Jing, 1♂; Bawangling, Donger Linchang, 1015 m, 8–10.V.2007, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 1♂; Baisha, Yinggeling, Yinggezui, 619 m, 17–19.XI.2009, coll. Yang Chao, 1♂; Wuzhishan, Shuiman, 730–900 m, 8.V.2007, coll. Lang Songyun, 1♂; Jianfengling, 18.V.1982, coll. Chen Zhiqing, 1♀; Ledong, Jianfengling, 934 m, 14–17.XII.2007, coll. Li Jing, 4♂; Ledong, Jianfengling, 934 m, 14–17.XII.2007, coll. Li Jing, 1♂; Lingshui, Diaoluoshan, 920 m, 3.V.2007, coll. Lang Songyun, 1♂; Lingshui, Diaoluoshan, 929 m, 11–12.XII.2007, coll. Li Jing, 2♂. <bold>Sichuan</bold> (IZCAS): Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 29.VI–15.VII.1957, coll. Yu Youcai, 4♂; Xichang, Lushan, 8.VIII.1980, 1♂; Dukou, Pingdi, 28.VI.1981, coll. Zhang Baolin, 2♂. <bold>Yunnan</bold> (IZCAS): Weixi, 2320 m, 24.VI.1979, coll. Yan Xiangqun, <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>1♂; Baoshan, Bawan, 1100 m, 19–23.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Tengchong, Heinitang, 1930 m, 28–30.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 5♂; Xiaomenglun, 7.V.1980, 1♂; Qujing, 7.IX.1982, coll. Fang Chenglai, 1♂. More material from Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Hubei and Yunnan, in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Liaoning, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan), Russia (Amur, Ussuri), Japan, North Korea, South Korea, India, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, United States.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p>The subspecies of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis</named-content></italic> from China is <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis comitata </named-content></italic>(Warren, 1899) (<italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyjodonta comitata </named-content></italic>Warren, 1899, <italic>Novit. zool.</italic>, 6: 50. Syntypes 2♂, Russia: Amurland, Sidemi. (BMNH)).
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_brevipennata"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">brevipennata</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">Inoue, 1982</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_brevipennata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figs 43</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">82</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">109</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston brevipennata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Inoue, 1982b</xref>, <italic>Bull. Fac. domestic Sci., Otsuma Woman’s Univ</italic>., 18: 176, figs 40e, 41b. Holotype ♂, Nepal: Lete, 2400 m near Nilgiri. (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The present species can be distinguished from the other species in group II by the following characters: smaller sized (length of forewing: 23–25 mm in male); the forewing outer margin is less waved; the band basally of the forewing antemedial line is much thinner; the speckles scattered on the wings are dark brown, not black. In the male genitalia, the apex of the uncus is broader and shallowly bifurcated but narrower and round in the others; the juxta is more sharply pointed at tip.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Tibet </bold>(IZCAS): Gyirong, 18.VI.–23.VII.1984, coll. Yan Zhaoxing and Pu Qiongzhi, 2♂; Zham, 2200 m, 25.VI.1975, coll. Wang Ziqing, 1♂.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Tibet), Nepal.</p><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 43–55.</label><caption><p>Adults of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>43</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston brevipennata</named-content></italic>, male <bold>44</bold>–<bold>45</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston quercii</named-content></italic>. <bold>44</bold> female (holotype) <bold>45</bold> male <bold>46</bold>–<bold>53</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic>. <bold>46</bold> male (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content></italic>) <bold>47</bold> male (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston erilda satura</named-content></italic>) <bold>48</bold> female (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston emarginaria</named-content></italic>) <bold>49 </bold>female (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis clorinda</named-content></italic>) <bold>50</bold> male (Lijiang, Yunnan) <bold>5</bold>1 female (Gyirong, Tibet) <bold>52 </bold>male (Zhouqu, Gansu) <bold>53</bold> female (Zhouqu, Gansu). Scale bar = 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g005"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_quercii"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">quercii</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Oberthür, 1910)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_quercii</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figs 44, 45</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">83</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">110</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis quercii</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Oberthür, 1910</xref>, <italic>Études Lépid. comp</italic>., 4: 676, pl. 51, fig. 433. Holotype ♀, China: Sichuan, Tien-Tsuen. (ZFMK)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston quercii</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout, 1915</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Macrolepid. World</italic>, 4: 359.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston (Eubyjodonta)quercii</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 434, pl. 36: f.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The wing pattern of this species is similar to that of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> as follows: the forewing antemedial line is black, slightly waved; the postmedial lines of both wings<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> are black and dentate; broad brown bands are present basally of the forewing antemedial line and distally of the postmedial lines of both wings; the speckles scattered on the wings are black, and often gather to a black patch basally of the submarginal lines; the hindwing medial line is black and double. But it can be distinguished by the fol<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>lowing characters: the outer margins are more undulating, there are distinct marginal processes in the centre of both wings, absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic>; the hindwing discal spot is present. The male genitalia are similar to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> as follows: the apex of the uncus is round; the median process of the gnathos is broad and round apically; the juxta is long, narrow, acute and with a longitudinal arris apico-ventrally; the cornutus is shaped as a spinous patch. But this species is characterized by the narrower juxta and the longer spines of the cornutus.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Sichuan </bold>(ZFMK): Tien-Tsuen, 1901, coll. native collectors (chasseurs indigènes de feu le P. Déjean), 1♀ (Holotype). <bold>Henan</bold>(IZCAS): Baiyunshan, 1300 m, 19.VII.2002, 18.VI.2003, coll. Shen Xiaocheng, 2♂. <bold>Shaanxi</bold>(IZCAS): Ningshaan, Yaquegou, 1580–1750 m, 7.VII.1999, coll. Yuan Decheng, 1♂. <bold>Gansu</bold>(IZCAS): Kangxian, Qinghe Linchang, 1450–1650 m, 15.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian and Wang Hongjian, 4♂. <bold>Hubei</bold>(IZCAS): Shennongjia, Dajiuhu, 1800m, 1.VIII.1981, coll. Han Yinheng, 1♂; Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1350 m, 14–16.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei, 4♂. <bold>Sichuan</bold>(IZCAS): Wenchuan, Wolong, 1920 m, 22.VII.1983, coll. Wang Shuyong, 1♂. A few males from Shaanxi and Sichuan in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_falcata"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">falcata</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Warren, 1893)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_falcata</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figs 46–53</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">84–88</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">111–113</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">125–127</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Eubyjodonta falcata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Warren, 1893</xref>, <italic>Proc. zool. Soc. Lond</italic>., 1893 (2): 416. Syntypes ♂, India: Sikkim. (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hampson,
1895</xref>, <italic>Fauna Br. India </italic>(Moths), 3: 246.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston emarginaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Leech, 1897</xref>, <italic>Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.</italic>, (6) 19: 322, pl. 7, fig. 8. Holotype ♀, China: Sichuan, Pu-tsu-fong. (BMNH), syn. n.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Oberthür, 1910</xref>, <italic>Études Lépid. comp</italic>., 4: 677, pl. 51, fig. 435. Holotype ♂, China: Yunnan, Tse-Kou. (ZFMK) , syn. n.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis clorinda</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Oberthür, 1910</xref>, <italic>Études Lépid. comp.</italic>, 4: 677, pl. 51, fig. 434. Syntype(s), China (west): Tse-Kou, syn. n.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata clorinda</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al., 1999</xref>, <italic>Geometrid Moths of the World, a Catalogue</italic>, 1: 86.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata satura</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Wehrli, comb. n.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The diagnostic characters of the external mophology and the male genitalia can be seen in the preceding species. In the female genitalia, the species can be distinguished from other congeners by the following characters: the apophyses posteriores are short, about twice the length of apophyses anteriores; the ductus bursae is sclerotized and striated longitudinally, about one-third the length of corpus bursae; the<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> corpus bursae is weakly sclerotized and striated posteriorly; the signum usually consists of two small separate sclerotized patches.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Yunnan</bold> (ZFMK): Tse-kou, coll. R. P. Dubernard, 1895, 1♀ (Holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata clorinda</named-content></italic>); Tse-kou, coll. R. P. Dubernard, 1900, 1♂(Holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content></italic>); <bold>Shaanxi </bold>(ZFMK): Tapai-shan im Tsinling, Sued-Shensi, 25.VI.1935, coll. H. Höne, 1♂ (Holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston erilda satura</named-content></italic>); <bold>Zhejiang </bold>(ZFMK):West-tien-mu-shan, 1♂; <bold>Sichuan</bold> (ZFMK): Chasseurs Indigènes de Ta-tsien-lou, Récolte de 1910,1♀; <bold>Sichuan</bold> (BMNH): Pu-tsu-fong,2993 m, VI–VII.1890, coll. Native, 1♀. (Holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston emarginaria</named-content></italic>). <bold>Ningxia</bold>(IZCAS): Jingyuan, 2052–2084 m, 29.VI.–2.VII.2008, coll. Sun Wenhui, 3♂; Longde, Sutai Linchang, 2165 m, 6.VII.2008, coll. Song Wenhui, 2♂. <bold>Gansu</bold>(IZCAS): Zhouqu, Shatan Linchang, 4–7.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian et al., 17♂;Zhouqu, Shatan Linchang, 2400 m, 4–16.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian et al., 17♂4♀;Wenxian, Baishuijiang, IX.1986, coll. Wang Hongjian, 1♂; Wenxian, Qiujiaba, 2350 m, 21–29.VII.1999, coll. Chen Jun et al., 9♂; Shalin, 2357 m, 25.VI–28.VII.2002, coll. Cao Xiuwen, 2♂; Wushan, Tanyu, 26.VII.1990, coll. Deng Lianhai, 1♂; Kangxian, Qinghe Linchang, 1400 m, 8.VII.1999, coll. Zhu Chaodong, 1♀; Renmingchi, 2450 m, 30.VII.2002, 1♀; Baishuijiang, VII.1986, coll. Wang Hongjian, 1♀. <bold>Sichuan</bold>(IZCAS):Wenchuan, Wolong, 1920 m, 24–29.VII.1983, coll. Wang Shuyong et al., 4♂; Wenchuan, Wolong, 1900 m, 27.VIII.1982, coll. Chen Yuanqing, 1♀; Mt. Emei, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, coll. Huang Keren, 2♂; Gonggashan, Yanzigou, 2350 m, 3.VI.1983, coll. Zhang Xuezhong, 1♂; Luding, Moxi, Hailuogou, 2821–3155 m, 15–17.V.2009, coll. Li Jing, 2♂. <bold>Yunnan</bold>(IZCAS): Lijiang, Yulongshan, 2700–2800 m, 27.VII.1984, coll. Chen Yixin and Liu Dayun, 3♂; Lijiang, Yulongshan, 2680–3296 m, 15–23.VI.2009, coll. Han Hongxiang et al., 18♂; Jizushan, 2500 m, 30.VI.1980, 1♂; Yiliang, 200 m, 13.VII.1979, 1♂; Yiliang, 20.VII.1982, coll. Wang Linyao, 1♂; Diqing, Xiaozhongdian, Linyechang, 3700 m, 28.VII.1979, coll. Yan Baiqun, 1♀; Xiaozhongdian, 3100 m, 30.VII.1984, coll. Liu Dayun, 1♂; Tengchong, 2500 m, 2–4.VI.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, 3♂. <bold>Tibet</bold> (IZCAS): Nyingchi, Pêlung, Mamba, 2115 m, 1–2.IX.2005, coll. Wang Xuejian, 1♂; Nyingchi, Bayi, 2999 m, 1–3.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 2♂; Mainling, Pai, 2883 m, 4–6.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 7♂; Bomi, Yi’ong, 2300–2750 m, 28–31.VIII.1983, coll. Han Yinheng and Lin Zai, 2♂; Bomi, Yi’ong, Tangmai, 2079 m, 29–30.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 1♂; Mêdog, 1060–3213 m, 7–13.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 3♂; Cona, Mama, 2900 m, 6.VIII.1974, coll. Huang Fusheng, 1♀; Nyalam, Zham, 2250 m, 9–20.V.1974, coll. Zhang Xuezhong, 3♂; Zham, Qu, 3300 m, 6–7.VII.1975, coll. Huang Fusheng and Wang Ziqing, 2♂; Gyirong, 2800–3300 m, 26.VII–8.VIII.1975, coll. Wang Ziqing and Huang Fusheng, 3♂3♀; Gyirong, Gongshe, 28.VIII.1984, coll. Yan Zhaoxing, 1♂; Yadong, 2800 m, 23.VII.1960, coll. Wang Chunguang, 1♂; Yadong, 10.VIII.1982, coll. Wangjia Tsering, 2♂; Yadong, Linchang, 29.VIII.1984, Li Aihua, 1♀. Large series of material from Yunnan (ssp. <italic>falcata</italic>) and Shaanxi (ssp. <italic>satura</italic> Wehrli) in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India, Nepal.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p>After examinating the types of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content></italic> Oberthür, 1910, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis clorinda</named-content></italic> Oberthür, 1910, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston emarginaria</named-content></italic> Leech, 1897, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston erilda satura</named-content></italic> Wehrli, 1941 and a large series of material from China and the neighbouring regions it became obvious that <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston emarginaria </named-content></italic>(only females known) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis clorinda</named-content></italic> (female holotype known only) are all females of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content></italic>. The external and genital features of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content></italic>, on the other hand, turned out to be almost identical or fall within the range of variation of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic>. Thus we treat <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston emarginaria</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis clorinda</named-content></italic> as junior synonyms of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic>. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston erilda satura</named-content></italic>, as described by Wehrli (1941), is treated as a valid subspecies, but has be combined newly with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic>, as explained above. Thus, two Chinese subspecies of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> are <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata falcata</named-content></italic> (Warren, 1893) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata satura</named-content></italic> (Wehrli, 1941). In China, the former is distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figs 46, 48–51</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">84–86</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">112</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">125,126</xref>), the latter is distributed in Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figs 47, 52, 53</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">87, 88</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">113</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">127</xref>). There are some intraspecific variations between individuals of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic>, for example, in the the male genitalia, the apical part of the valva varies from broad to narrow in the same region, such as Gansu (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 87, 88</xref>) and Tibet (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Figs 85, 86</xref>); in the female genitalia, the signum usually consists of two small separate sclerotized patches, sometimes there is only one signum or the signum is very tiny, and the position of the signum is variable individually.
</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_perclara"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">perclara</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Warren, 1899)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_perclara</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 54</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Blepharoctenia perclara</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Warren, 1899</xref>, <italic>Novit. zool</italic>., 6: 49. Holotype ♂, China: Taiwan, Keelung. (BMNH)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Cusiala bengaliaria cerea</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> Bastelberger, 1909, <italic>Dt. ent. Z. Iris</italic>, 22: 177. Holotype ♀, China: Taiwan. (Synonymized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Prout (1914)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Epamraica bilineata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Matsumura, 1910</xref>, <italic>Thousand Insects Japan</italic>, (Suppl.) 2: 130, pl. 28, fig. 1. Syntypes ♀, Japan; China: Taiwan. (Synonymized by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Prout (1914)</xref>)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston perclara</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Prout, 1914</xref>, <italic>Ent. Mitt</italic>., Berlin 3: 264.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>The external characters of this species are similar to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic> as follows: the forewing antemedial line and the postmedial lines of both wings are black and thick; black patches are present distally of the forewing postmedial line between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>, reaching the outer margin; another smaller black patch is present distally of the forewing postmedial line below M<sub>3</sub>. But in this species the broad bands placed basally of the antemedial line of the forewing and distally of the postmedial lines of<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> both wings are pale yellow and indistinct, whereas they are yellowish green and distinct in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic>; the discal spots of both wings are less distinct or have completely vanished; the forewing postmedial line is straight between CuA<sub>2</sub> and 1A + 2A, while it is slightly excurved in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic>. The male genitalia of the species are almost identical to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria.</named-content></italic> But the median process of the gnathos of the species is truncate apically and the incision of posterior margin of the juxta is less deep.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Taiwan</bold>(ZFMK): Hueison Forest, Nantou, 570–800 m, 28–29.IX.1992, coll. F. Aulombard and J. Plante, 1♂. A large series from different localities of Taiwan in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Taiwan), Japan.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_thibetaria"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">thibetaria</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Oberthür, 1886)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_thibetaria</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figs 55-</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">57</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">89</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">114</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">128</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasys thibetaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Oberthür, 1886</xref>, <italic>Études ent</italic>., 11: 32, pl. 5, fig. 30. Holotype ♀, China: Sichuan (?), Châpa. (ZFMK)
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura thibetaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Prout, 1915</xref>, <italic>in </italic>Seitz, <italic>Macrolepid. World</italic>, 4: 360, pl. 19: h.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura (Blepharoctenia) thibetaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1941</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 436.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Parsons et al., 1999</xref>, <italic>Geometrid Moths of the World, a Catalogue</italic>, 1: 88.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species is very distinct and is easily recognizable by the thick black lines and yellowish green bands placed basally of the antemedial line of the forewing and distally of the postmedial lines of both wings, the large, black ringed and pale-centred discal spots on both wings, as well as the black-belted abdomen and the fresh yellow anal tuft. The male genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic> are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic>: the apex of the uncus is bifurcated and about four-fifths as long as the basal width; the median process of the gnathos is short and round apically; the valva is broad basally and narrow apically; the ventral margin of the valva is slightly sinuous; the juxta has a deep incision at the middle on the posterior margin; the cornutus is stick-like; a narrow sclerotized band is present on lateral side of the aedeagus. But it can be distinguished from that species by the strongly rounded basal half of the valva. The female genitalia of the species are close to those of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic> as follows: the ostium bursae is weakly sclerotized; the ductus bursae is very short; the corpus bursae is curved medially, striated in the posterior half and enlarged at tip; the signum is oval and with marginal spines. It differs in having an oval lamella postvaginalis, which is absent in <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic>.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Sichuan </bold>(ZFMK): Sichuan (?), Châpa, 1♂(Syntype). <bold>Hubei</bold> (IZCAS): Shennongjia, 600–700 m, 17–18.VII., 2.VIII.1998, coll. Ye Chanjuan, 3♂; Xingshan, Longmenhe, 730–1350 m, VI–VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei et al., 11♂1♀; Zigui, Jiulingtou, 220–250 m, 25.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei, 2♂; <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Badong, 19.V.1989, 1♂; Hefeng, 650 m, 29.V.1989, coll. Li Wei, 1♂; Lichuan, Xingdoushan, 860 m, 6.VII.1989, coll. Li Wei, 1♂; Xianfeng, 800 m, 2.VI.1989, coll. Li Wei, 1♀. <bold>Hunan</bold> (IZCAS): Tianpingshan, 12.VIII.1981, 1♂. <bold>Fujian</bold> (IZCAS): Mt. Wuyi, Sangang, 7.VII.1982, coll. Wang Linyao, 1♂. <bold>Guangxi</bold> (IZCAS): Longsheng, 10–13.VI.1980, coll. Song Shimei and Wang Linyao, 4♂. <bold>Sichuan</bold> (IZCAS): Barkam, 2600 m, 21.VIII.1983, coll. Chai Huaicheng, 1♂; Luding, Moxi, 600–1900 m, 11–17.VI.1983, coll. Chai Huaicheng and Wang Shuyong, 3♂; Luding, Guzanjiangju, 1635 m, 21.V.2009, coll. Liang Hongbin and Wang Zhiliang, 1♂2♀; Batang, 1975, 9♂; Dukou, Pingdi, 5–22.VI.1987, coll. Zhang Baolin, 13♂; Huili, 23–29.VII.1974, coll. Han Yinheng, 2♂1♀; Yanyuan, Jinhe, 1230 m, 28.VI.1984, coll. Chen Yixin, 1♂. <bold>Guizhou</bold> (IZCAS): Meiyun, 6.IV.1978, coll. Xia Huai’en, 1♀. <bold>Yunnan</bold> (IZCAS): Lijiang, 22–23.V.1980, 7♂1♀; Lijiang, Yushuizhai, 2680 m, 21.VI.2009, coll. Qi Feng, 1♂; Qujing, 3–20.VII.1982, coll. Wang Linyao and Song Shimei, 4♂; Luoci, 21.VI.1982, coll. Song Shimei, 1♂; Yongsheng, Liude, 2250m, 9.VII.1984, coll. Liu Dayun, 1♂. More material from Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Henan, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet).</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p>The female which <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Oberthür (1886</xref>, pl. 5, fig.30) figured, is generally considered to be the holotype of <italic>thibetaria</italic>. However, he indirectly mentioned a larger number of specimens in his original description, by writing: “some specimens have the wings crossed by curved medial lines which cut through the discoidal spots” (translated from French). The female is part of the ZFMK collection, as already mentioned by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli (1941)</xref>, but all other syntypes are not. It is well possible that they have been transferred to The Natural History Museum, London, which keeps a large part of the Charles Oberthür collection. If these specimens will be found existing, the female will lose its holotype status. Eight specimens of <italic>thibetaria</italic> from several Sichuan localities in the ZFMK collection bearing the typical printed labels of Oberthür have been collected later, in the years following the description of <italic>thibetaria</italic>, thus they do not belong to the syntype series.
</p><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 54–63.</label><caption><p>Adults of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>54</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston perclara</named-content></italic>, male <bold>55</bold>–<bold>57</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic>. <bold>55</bold> male (syntype) <bold>56</bold> male <bold>57</bold> female <bold>58</bold>–<bold>63</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic>. <bold>58</bold> male (syntype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula</named-content></italic> <italic>panterinaria lienpingensis</italic>) <bold>59</bold> female (syntype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula panterinaria szechuanensis</named-content></italic>) <bold>60</bold> male (Dayu, Jiangxi) <bold>61</bold> male (Jiulianshan, Jiangxi) <bold>62</bold> male (Shixing, Guangdong) <bold>63</bold> male (Pengshui, Sichuan). Scale bar = 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 64–69.</label><caption><p>Adults of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>64</bold>–<bold>65</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic>. <bold>64</bold> female (Fangshan, Beijing) <bold>65</bold> female (Yingtaogou, Beijing); <bold>66</bold>–<bold>69</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata</named-content></italic>. <bold>66</bold> male <bold>67</bold> ditto, underside <bold>68</bold> female <bold>69</bold> ditto, underside. Scale bar = 1 cm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 70–75.</label><caption><p>Male genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>70</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston melacron</named-content></italic> <bold>71</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic> <bold>72</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thoracicaria</named-content></italic> <bold>73</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia parva</named-content></italic> <bold>74</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia nepalensis</named-content></italic> <bold>75</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content></italic>. Scale bar = 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="F9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 76–81.</label><caption><p>Male genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>76</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston mediolata</named-content></italic>sp. n. <bold>77</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic> <bold>78</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston bengaliaria</named-content></italic> <bold>79</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic> <bold>80</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> <bold>81</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis</named-content></italic>. Scale bar = 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g009"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="taxon-treatment"><title><named-content content-type="taxon-name" xlink:href="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_panterinaria"><named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">panterinaria</named-content>
</named-content></title><p><named-content content-type="taxon-authority">(Bremer & Grey, 1853)</named-content></p><p>http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston_panterinaria</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figs 58-</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">69</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">90-</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">96</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">115, 116</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">129, 130</xref> </p><list list-type="simple" list-content="nomenclature-citation-list"><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis panterinaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bremer & Grey, 1853</xref>, <italic>Beitr. Schmett.-Fauna nord. China</italic>: 21, pl. 10, fig. 1. Syntypes, China (north).
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Buzura abraxata</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Leech, 1889</xref>, <italic>Trans. ent. Soc. Lond</italic>., 1889 (1): 143, pl. 9, fig. 14. Syntype(s) ♀, China: Yangzee River, Kiukiang. (BMNH), syn. n.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula panterinaria lienpingensis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1939</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 266, pl. 20: b. Syntype(s), China: Guangdong, Lienping. (ZFMK), syn. n.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula panterinaria szechuanensis</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli, 1939</xref>, <italic>in</italic> Seitz, <italic>Gross-Schmett. Erde</italic>, 4 (Suppl.): 266, pl. 20: b. Syntype(s), China: Sichuan, Tien-Tsuen. (ZFMK), syn. n.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula panterinaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Inoue, 1946</xref>, <italic>Bull. Lepid. Soc. Japan</italic>,1 (2): 37.
</named-content></p></list-item><list-item><p content-type="nomenclature-citation"><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content><named-content content-type="comment"> : <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato, 1996</xref>, <italic>Trans. lepid. Soc. Japan</italic>, 47 (4): 223–236.
</named-content></p></list-item></list><sec sec-type="treatment-Diagnosis"><title>Diagnosis.</title><p>This species is different from other congeners by mimicking the pattern of distasteful or poisonous species of the genus <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Abraxas</named-content></italic> Leach. The wings are white and scattered with pale grey markings, which are rarely present basally of the hindwing postmedial line; the base of the forewing is grey and has a large brown patch, accompanied by the yellowish brown antemedial line; the postmedial lines of both wings are yellow, narrow and protruding outwards between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>3</sub>, and diffused with dark brown oval patches; the discal spots of both wings are large pale grey dots; the discal spots on the underside of the wings are dark brown centrally. The diagnostic characters of genitalia can be seen in the previous species.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Material examined"><title>Material examineds.</title><p><bold>CHINA, Kwangtung [Guangdong]</bold> (ZFMK): Lienping, 1♂ (Syntype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula</named-content></italic> <italic>panterinaria lienpingensis</italic>). <bold>Sichuan </bold>(ZFMK): Tien-Tsuen, 1901, coll. native collectors (chasseurs indigènes de feu le P. Déjean), 1♂ (Syntype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Culcula panterinaria szechuanensis</named-content></italic>). <bold>Liaoning</bold> (IZCAS): Lingyuan, VI.1984, coll. <pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>Jin Laiwu, 1♂; Beipiao, VI.1984, coll. Liu Jin, 1♂; Dongling, 2♂. <bold>Beijing</bold> (IZCAS): Xiangshan, 9.VIII.1936, 1♂; Sanpu, 23.VIII.1972, coll. Zhang Baolin, 2♂; Fangshan, 26–29.VI.1972, coll. Zhang Baolin, 8♂1♀; Baihuashan, 30.VI.1972, 1♀; Pinggu, 9.VII.1975, 1♂; Jinshan, 17.VII.1988, 1♂; Jinshan, 6.VII.1990, 3♂; Huairou, 10.VII.1981, 1♂; Fengtai, 6.VII.1982, 1♂; Yingtaogou, 29.VI.1990, 1♀. <bold>Hebei</bold> (IZCAS): Zunhua, Dongling, 1♂. <bold>Shanxi</bold> (IZCAS): Taiyuan, 1♂. <bold>Shandong</bold> (IZCAS): Qufu, Shimensi, 17.VII.1980, 1♂. <bold>Henan</bold> (IZCAS): Linzhou, Shibanyan, 22.VII.2006, coll. Sun Hao, 1♂; Dengfeng, 8.VII.1981, 1♀; Baiyunshan, 1300 m, 13.VI.2001, coll. Shen Xiaocheng, 1♂; Baiyunshan, 1400 m, 26–28.VII.2003, coll. Zhang Dandan, 3♂; Baiyunshan, 1550m, 13–15.VIII.2008, coll. Song Wenhui, 1♂; Nanyang, Baotianman, 21.VI.2006, coll. Shen Xiaocheng, 1♂; Xinyang, Jigongshan, 250 m, 20–21.VII.2002, coll. Han Hongxiang, 1♂. <bold>Shaanxi</bold> (IZCAS): Dali, 10.VII.1981, 1♂; Ankang, 22.V.1981, 1♂; Changqing, Xihan, 9.V.1981, 1♂; Liuba, Miaotaizi, 1350m, 19–21.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian and Zhu Chaodong, 20♂5♀; Foping, 890–900 m, 26–27.VI.1999, coll. Yao Jian, 1♂1♀. <bold>Ningxia</bold> (IZCAS):Jingyuan, Hongxia Linchang, 1998 m, 9.VII.2008, coll. Song Wenhui, 1♂. <bold>Gansu</bold> (IZCAS): Zhouqu, Shatan Linchang, 2350 m, 5.VII.1998, coll. Yuan Decheng, 1♂; Kangxian, Baiyunshan, 1250–1750 m, 12.VII.1998, coll. Wang Shuyong, 1♂; Kangxian, 1000–1400 m, 7–14.VII.1999, coll. Zhang Xuezhong et al., 10♂1♀. <bold>Anhui</bold> (IZCAS): Jiuhuashan, VII.1981, 1♂. <bold>Zhejiang</bold> (IZCAS): Moganshan, 11–12.V.1936, coll. O. Piel, 1♂1♀; Lin’an, VI.1981, 1♂; Tianmushan, 20–31.VII.1972, coll. Liu Youqiao et al., 11♂3♀; Lin’an, West Tianmushan, 400 m, 26–30.VII.2003, coll. Han Hongxiang and Xue Dayong, 18♂1♀; Hangzhou, 18.VII.1973, coll. Chen Ruijin, 1♂; Qingyuan, Fengyangshan, Datianping, 1290 m, 6–10.VIII.2003, coll. Han Hongxiang, 5♂; Taishun, Siqianzhen, 250–930 m, 31.VII.–4.VIII.2005, coll. Lang Songyun, 14♂. <bold>Hubei</bold> (IZCAS): Jingshan, 22.VII.1981, 1♂; Shennongjia, 950 m, 3–16.VII.1980, coll. Yu Peiyu, 8♂1♀; Shennongjia, 600–700 m, 17–20.VII.–7.VIII.1998, coll. Zhou Hongzhang et al., 11♂; Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1310 m, 17.VI.1993, coll. Li Wenzhu, 2♂; Xingshan, Xiaohekou, 700 m, 11.V.1994, coll. Li Wenzhu, 1♂; Lichuan, Xingdoushan, 800–860 m, 9.VI–23.VII.1989, coll. Li Wei and Yang Longlong, 19♂; Xianfeng, 800 m, 4.VI.1989, coll. Li Wei, 2♂; Hefeng, 1240 m, 28.VII.1989, coll. Li Wei, 1♂. <bold>Jiangxi</bold> (IZCAS): Fengxin, VIII.1980, 1♂; Yifeng, VIII.1979, 1♂; Jinggangshan, 2.VII.1975, coll. Zhang Baolin, 1♂; Jiulianshan, 27–31.VII.1975, coll. Song Shimei, 7♂; Doushui, 7.VII.1975, coll. Song Shimei, 1♂; Lushan, 27.VI–5.VII.1975, coll. Liu Youqiao, 1♂1♀; Dayu, 550 m, 15.VIII.1985, coll. Wang Ziqing, 1♂. <bold>Hunan</bold> (IZCAS):Yizhang, 27.VII.1981, 1♂; Yizhang, Mangshan, Senlin Gongyuan, 512–770 m, 13–15.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 1♂; Yongshun, Shanmuhe Linchang, 500–600 m, 3–5.VIII.1998, coll. Chen Yixin et al., 8♂4♀; Guidong, Sidu, 714 m, 9–12.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 1♂; Yanling, Taoyuandong, 631 m, 4–8.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 2♂; Anhua, 22.V.1981, 1♂; Guzhang, Gaowangjie, 850 m, 29.VII.1988, coll. Chen Yixin, 2♂; Fenghuang, 16.IX.1988, coll. Song Shimei, 1♂. <bold>Fujian</bold> (IZCAS): Mt. Wuyi, Sangang, 10.V–5.VI.1983, coll. Zhang Baolin et al., 13♂3♀; Mt. Wuyi, 500–700 m, 25–29.VII.2006, coll. Yang Chao et al.,<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> 4♂; Mt. Wuyi, Sangang, 704 m, 11–14.VIII.2009, coll. Jiang Nan and Xue Dayong, 8♂; Ninghua, 9.VI.1980, 1♂; Sanming, 1.IX.1981, coll. Xiao Hu, 1♂; Jiangle, Longqishan, 200 m, 10.VIII.1991, coll. Song Shimei, 1♂; Shaxian, 3.IX.1979, coll. Lin Naiquan, 1♂. <bold>Guangdong</bold> (IZCAS): Dinghushan, 16–19.VII.1979, coll. Li Mingjia, 1♂; Luyuan, Nanling, 1020 m, 16–20.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 3♂; Shixing, Chebaling, 365–401 m, 22–26.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang, 15♂1♀. <bold>Hainan</bold> (IZCAS): Qiongzhong, Limuling, 620 m, 14–15.V.2007, coll. Han Hongxiang and Lang Songyun, 4♂; Baisha, Yinggeling, 434 m, 5.IV.2008, coll. Lang Songyun, 1♂; Baisha, Hongkan, Shuiku, 553 m, 3–5.V.2009, coll. Yan Keji, 2♂; Wuzhishan, 29.V.1997, coll. Mai Guoqing, 1♂; Wuzhishan, Shuiman, 730–900 m, 3.IV–9.V.2007, coll. Han Hongxiang and Lang Songyun, 3♂; Ledong, Jianfengling, Tianchi, 982 m, 23.XI.2008, coll. Li Jing, 1♂; Lingshui, Diaoluoshan, 920 m, 29–30.III.2008, coll. Lang Songyun, 4♂. <bold>Guangxi</bold> (IZCAS): Longsheng, Hongtan, 900 m, 14.VI.1963, coll. Wang Chunguang, 1♂; Mao’ershan, Jiuniutang, 1100–1150 m, 6–10.VII.1985, coll. Fang Chenglai, 2♂; Jinxiu, 400–1100 m, 10–18.V.1999, coll. Han Hongxiang et al., 69♂4♀. <bold>Sichuan</bold> (IZCAS):Guanxian, Dujiangyan, 700–1000 m, 4.VI.1979, coll. Shang Jinwen, 1♂; Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 23.IV–16.VII.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing, 38♂; Jiangjin, Simianshan, 22–26.VI.1981, coll. Zhang Shuli, 2♂; Pengshui, Taiyuan, 750 m, 9.VII.1989, coll. Yang Longlong, 2♂; Wanxian, Wangerbao, 1200 m, 28.V.1994, coll. Li Wenzhu, 2♂. <bold>Guizhou</bold> (IZCAS): Jiangkou, Fanjingshan, 500 m, 11.VII.1988, coll. Li Wei, 12♂; Leishan, Leigongshan, 1200 m, 3.VII.1988, coll. Yuan Decheng, 1♀; Shiyun, Jinxing, 700 m, 24.VII.1988, coll. Wang Shuyong, 1♂1♀. <bold>Yunnan</bold> (IZCAS):Baoshan, Baihualing, 1520 m, 11–13.VIII.2007, coll. Wu Chunguang and Xue Dayong, 2♂; Baoshan, Bawan, 1040 m, 8–10.VIII.2007, coll. Xue Dayong, 1♂; Xishuangbanna, Bubang, 700 m, 14.IX.1993, coll. Yang Longlong, 1♂. <bold>Tibet</bold> (IZCAS): Zayü, Xia Zayü, 1534 m, 26.VIII.2005, coll. Wang Xuejian, 1♂1♀; Mêdog, 871–2095 m, 10–23.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, 8♂3♀. A large series from many parts of China in coll. ZFMK.
</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Distribution"><title>Distribution.</title><p>China (Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet), India, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam, Thailand.</p></sec><sec sec-type="treatment-Remarks"><title>Remarks.</title><p>For <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic> six subspecies have been described: <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic> (north China), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria abraxata </named-content></italic>(Jiangxi, China), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria lienpingensis </named-content></italic>(Guangdong, China), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria szechuanensis </named-content></italic>(Sichuan, China), <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria sychnospilas </named-content></italic>(Prout, 1930) (Japan) and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata </named-content></italic>(Moore, 1888) (India, Nepal, Vietnam and Thailand). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato (1996)</xref> believed that there are geographical variations among <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata </named-content></italic>in India, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam and Thailand. These variations can be found in the appearance and in the male genitalia. He also believed that the four Chinese subspecies exhibit intermediate conditions in colour and patches on wings between <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria szechuanensis</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata</named-content></italic>, and the systematic position of the Chinese populations of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria</named-content></italic> needs further study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato 1996</xref>). According to the descriptions of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wehrli (1939)</xref>, ssp. <italic>ab<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment>raxata</italic> has distinct yellow postmedial lines accompanied by distinct dark brown patches as above, ssp. <italic>lienpingensis</italic> has the weak postmedial line accompanied with dark brown patches, ssp. <italic>szechuanensis</italic> has well developed grey markings. However, we consider these differences to be actually intraspecific individual variations. The yellow postmedial lines, the brown patches and the grey markings vary and are differently developed not only among the different populations, but often occur in the same region. For instance, the<pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment><pmc-comment>PageBreak</pmc-comment> yellow postmedial line varies from distinct and complete (ssp. <italic>abraxata</italic>) to incomplete (ssp. <italic>lienpingensis</italic>), and the variation occurred sympatrically in Jiangxi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figs 60, 61</xref>). The material with well developted grey markings on the wings (ssp. <italic>szechuanensis</italic>) and the material without well developted grey markings on the wings (ssp. <italic>panterinaria</italic>) occurred sympatrically in Beijing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figs 64, 65</xref>). What is more, the similar variation occurs in different localities. For example, the form with distinct and almost continuous yellow postmedial line (ssp. <italic>abraxata</italic>) occurs in Beijing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 65</xref>), besides Jiangxi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 60</xref>); the form similar to the subspecies <italic>lienpingensis</italic> occurs in Guangdong (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 62</xref>), as well as in Zhejiang (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 58</xref>) and Sichuan (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 63</xref>); the form with well developed grey markings (ssp. <italic>szechuanensis</italic>) occurs in Beijing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 64</xref>), besides Sichuan (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 59</xref>). In the male genitalia, the sinuous ventral margins of the valva vary from strongly to weakly among the material from different localities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 90, 91, 92, 93</xref>), or even from the same region, such as Chebaling, Shixing of Guangdong (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Figs 94</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">95</xref>). Thus, we regard the variations as intraspecific individual variations, and treat <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria lienpingensis</named-content></italic>, <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria szechuanensis</named-content></italic> and <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria abraxata </named-content></italic>as synonyms of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic>. Besides, we find that the material collected from Yunnan and Tibet is identical with <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata</named-content></italic> which was redescribed and illustrated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sato (1996)</xref>. Hence, we classify the material from Yunnan and Tibet as <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata</named-content></italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figs 66–69</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">96</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">116</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">130</xref>)(and new to the fauna of China).
</p><fig id="F10" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 82–88.</label><caption><p>Male genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>82</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston brevipennata</named-content></italic> <bold>83</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston quercii</named-content></italic> <bold>84–88</bold>. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> <bold>84</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata falcata</named-content></italic> (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content></italic>) <bold>85</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> <italic>falcata</italic> (Nyalam, Tibet) <bold>86</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata falcata </named-content></italic>(Mainling, Tibet) <bold>87</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata satura </named-content></italic>(Zhouqu, Gansu) <bold>88</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata satura</named-content></italic> (Shalin, Gansu). Scale bar = 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g010"></graphic></fig><fig id="F11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 89–94.</label><caption><p>Male genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>89</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic>; <bold>90</bold>–<bold>94</bold>. <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic>. <bold>90</bold> From Sanpu, Beijing <bold>91</bold> From Dayu, Jiangxi <bold>92</bold> From Wuyanling, Taishun, Zhejiang <bold>93</bold> From Taiyuan, Pengshui, Sichuan <bold>94 </bold>From Chebaling, Shixing, Guangdong. Scale bar = 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g011"></graphic></fig><fig id="F12" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 95–104.</label><caption><p>Male genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>95</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic>. From Chebaling, Shixing, Guangdong <bold>96</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata</named-content></italic>. Scale bar = 1 mm. Aedeagus of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>97</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston melacron</named-content></italic> <bold>98</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic> <bold>99</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thoracicaria</named-content></italic> <bold>100</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia parva</named-content></italic> <bold>101</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia nepalensis</named-content></italic> <bold>102</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston robustum</named-content></italic> <bold>103</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston mediolata</named-content></italic> sp. n. <bold>104</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston contectaria</named-content></italic>. Scale bar = 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g012"></graphic></fig><fig id="F13" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 105–116.</label><caption><p>Aedeagus of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic>. <bold>105</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston bengaliaria</named-content></italic> <bold>106</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston pustulata</named-content></italic> <bold>107</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> <bold>108</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis</named-content></italic> <bold>109</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston brevipennata</named-content></italic> <bold>110</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston quercii</named-content></italic> <bold>111</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata falcata</named-content></italic> (holotype of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Amphidasis erilda</named-content></italic>) <bold>112</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata falcata</named-content></italic> <bold>113</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata satura</named-content></italic> <bold>114</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic> <bold>115</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic> <bold>116</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata</named-content></italic>.Scale bar = 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g013"></graphic></fig><fig id="F14" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 117–120.</label><caption><p>Female genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> and enlarged view of signum. <bold>117</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston marginata</named-content></italic> <bold>118</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thoracicaria</named-content></italic> <bold>119</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia parva</named-content></italic> <bold>120</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston betularia nepalensis</named-content></italic>. Scale bar for female genitalia = 1 mm. (s = signum)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g014"></graphic></fig><fig id="F15" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 121–124.</label><caption><p>Female genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> and enlarged view of signum. <bold>121</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston mediolata</named-content></italic> sp. n. <bold>122</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston bengaliaria</named-content></italic> <bold>123</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston suppressaria</named-content></italic> <bold>124</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston regalis</named-content></italic>. Scale bar for female genitalia = 1 mm. (s = signum)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g015"></graphic></fig><fig id="F16" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 125–128.</label><caption><p>Female genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> and enlarged view of signum. <bold>125</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> <italic>falcata</italic> (Diqing, Yunnan) <bold>126</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> <italic>falcata</italic> (Gyirong, Tibet) <bold>127</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston falcata</named-content></italic> <italic>satura</italic> (Zhouqu, Gansu) <bold>128</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston thibetaria</named-content></italic>. Scale bar for female genitalia = 1 mm. (s = signum)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g016"></graphic></fig><fig id="F17" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figures 129–130.</label><caption><p>Female genitalia of <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston</named-content></italic> and enlarged view of signum. <bold>129</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria panterinaria</named-content></italic> <bold>130</bold> <italic><named-content content-type="taxon-name">Biston panterinaria exanthemata</named-content></italic>. Scale bar for female genitalia = 1 mm. (s = signum)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-139-045-g017"></graphic></fig></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment1" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment1.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment2" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">melacron</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment2.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment3" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">marginata</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment3.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment4" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">thoracicaria</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment4.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment5" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">betularia</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment5.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment6" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">robustum</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment6.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment7" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">mediolata</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment7.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment8" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">contectaria</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment8.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment9" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">bengaliaria</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment9.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment10" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">pustulata</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment10.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment11" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">suppressaria</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment11.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment12" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">regalis</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment12.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment13" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">brevipennata</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment13.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment14" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">quercii</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment14.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment15" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">falcata</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment15.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment16" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">perclara</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment16.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment17" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">thibetaria</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment17.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material id="zookeys.139.1308-treatment18" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>XML Treatment for
<named-content content-type="genus">Biston</named-content><named-content content-type="species">panterinaria</named-content>
</title></caption><media xlink:href="zookeys.139.1308-treatment18.xml" mimetype="text" mime-subtype="xml"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We wish to express our hearty thanks to Dr. Dieter Stüning, the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany, for providing help on many aspects, for example, suggesting the synonymies of <italic>B. falcata</italic> and <italic>B. suppressaria</italic>, preparation of the data and photographs of ZFMK material of Chinese <italic>Biston</italic>, description of the male genitalia of <italic>B. perclara</italic> and making many linguistic corrections and comments. Special thanks go to Sir Anthony Galsworthy, the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom and Mr Manfred Sommerer, Munich, Germany, for providing the photos of some type material deposited at BMNH. We are grateful to all collectors whose contributions made our work possible. We appreciate the work of Ms Yang Chao and Ms Yan Keji for preparing some specimens and photographs. Our thanks are also due to the reviewers for their valuable comments and corrections on the manuscript. We also appreciate Mr. William Oosterman, 132 Pine Street, Oxford, PA 19363, United States, for making many linguistic corrections. This work was supported by the Key Project of Scientific Innovation of CAS (KSCX2-YW-Z-0909), the National Science Foundation of China (No. 31172127, 20870320), the National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (NSFC-J0930004) and a grant from the Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. O529YX5105).
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