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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A forgotten collection: the Libyan ethnobotanical exhibits (1912-14) by A. Trotter at the Museum O. Comes at the University Federico II in Naples, Italy</title><author><name sortKey="De Natale, Antonino" sort="De Natale, Antonino" uniqKey="De Natale A" first="Antonino" last="De Natale">Antonino De Natale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences, University of Naples (Federico II), Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollio, Antonino" sort="Pollio, Antonino" uniqKey="Pollio A" first="Antonino" last="Pollio">Antonino Pollio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biological Sciences/Section of Plant Biology, University of Naples (Federico II), Via Foria, 223, 80139 Napoli, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22264313</idno><idno type="pmc">3295647</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3295647</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3295647</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1746-4269-8-4</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000192</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000192</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A forgotten collection: the Libyan ethnobotanical exhibits (1912-14) by A. Trotter at the Museum O. Comes at the University Federico II in Naples, Italy</title><author><name sortKey="De Natale, Antonino" sort="De Natale, Antonino" uniqKey="De Natale A" first="Antonino" last="De Natale">Antonino De Natale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences, University of Naples (Federico II), Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollio, Antonino" sort="Pollio, Antonino" uniqKey="Pollio A" first="Antonino" last="Pollio">Antonino Pollio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biological Sciences/Section of Plant Biology, University of Naples (Federico II), Via Foria, 223, 80139 Napoli, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1746-4269</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The Ethnobotanical Collection from the Libyan territories of the botanist Alessandro Trotter is included in the Oratio Comes Botanical Museum at the Faculty of Agraria at the University Federico II in Naples. Trotter explored different territories of Libya, mainly Tripolitania, between 1912-1924, collecting plant specimens and the drugs most frequently sold in the markets. The Libyan herbarium currently includes over 2300 sheets of mounted and accessioned plants. The drugs, mostly acquired by Trotter from Tripolitanian markets, were identified and packed in 87 paper sheets or boxes. Trotter added ethnobotanical information for each species when available.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A database of the herbarium species and the drugs has been carried out, after a taxonomic update. Nomenclature has been revised according to the African flowering plants database and the World Checklist of selected plant families, and a comparison with currently available ethnopharmacological data from North African has been attempted.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>In this study, ethnopharmacological data related to about 80 species of flowering plants and to 4 lichens are presented. The plants are mainly from Mediterranean or Sub-Saharan habitats and belong to 37 different families; Lamiaceae was the most cited family, with 10 accessions. Generally, the aerial parts of the plants are the most frequently used (28 species), followed by leaves (15 species), flowers and seeds (9 species), fruits (7 species) and hypogean organs (roots, rhizomes, tubers: 5 species). Plants were generally processed in very simple ways: infusion or decoction of the plants were prepared and orally administered or used for topical applications. A wide range of conditions was treated, ranging from mental disorders to skin affections. All the organs of human body are considered, but the pathologies of gastro-intestinal tract, respiratory system and those related to traumatic accidents were the most frequently mentioned. The comparison with the recent ethnopharmacological research in Maghreb and its neighboring countries reveals a high correspondence; almost all the plants cited by Trotter are still used in the folk medicine of at least one of the North African countries, and the therapeutic uses of each plant appear consistent over time.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The information collected by Trotter is an important contribution to tracing plant utilization in Libyan folk medicine over the last century.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Natale, A" uniqKey="De Natale A">A De Natale</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Natale, A" uniqKey="De Natale A">A De Natale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cellinese, N" uniqKey="Cellinese N">N Cellinese</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Natale, A" uniqKey="De 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Ethnobiol Ethnomed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1746-4269</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22264313</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3295647</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1746-4269-8-4</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1746-4269-8-4</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A forgotten collection: the Libyan ethnobotanical exhibits (1912-14) by A. Trotter at the Museum O. Comes at the University Federico II in Naples, Italy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>De Natale</surname><given-names>Antonino</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>denatale@unina.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Pollio</surname><given-names>Antonino</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>anpollio@unina.it</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences, University of Naples (Federico II), Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Department of Biological Sciences/Section of Plant Biology, University of Naples (Federico II), Via Foria, 223, 80139 Napoli, Italy</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©2012 De Natale and Pollio; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder>De Natale and Pollio; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/8/1/4"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>The Ethnobotanical Collection from the Libyan territories of the botanist Alessandro Trotter is included in the Oratio Comes Botanical Museum at the Faculty of Agraria at the University Federico II in Naples. Trotter explored different territories of Libya, mainly Tripolitania, between 1912-1924, collecting plant specimens and the drugs most frequently sold in the markets. The Libyan herbarium currently includes over 2300 sheets of mounted and accessioned plants. The drugs, mostly acquired by Trotter from Tripolitanian markets, were identified and packed in 87 paper sheets or boxes. Trotter added ethnobotanical information for each species when available.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A database of the herbarium species and the drugs has been carried out, after a taxonomic update. Nomenclature has been revised according to the African flowering plants database and the World Checklist of selected plant families, and a comparison with currently available ethnopharmacological data from North African has been attempted.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>In this study, ethnopharmacological data related to about 80 species of flowering plants and to 4 lichens are presented. The plants are mainly from Mediterranean or Sub-Saharan habitats and belong to 37 different families; Lamiaceae was the most cited family, with 10 accessions. Generally, the aerial parts of the plants are the most frequently used (28 species), followed by leaves (15 species), flowers and seeds (9 species), fruits (7 species) and hypogean organs (roots, rhizomes, tubers: 5 species). Plants were generally processed in very simple ways: infusion or decoction of the plants were prepared and orally administered or used for topical applications. A wide range of conditions was treated, ranging from mental disorders to skin affections. All the organs of human body are considered, but the pathologies of gastro-intestinal tract, respiratory system and those related to traumatic accidents were the most frequently mentioned. The comparison with the recent ethnopharmacological research in Maghreb and its neighboring countries reveals a high correspondence; almost all the plants cited by Trotter are still used in the folk medicine of at least one of the North African countries, and the therapeutic uses of each plant appear consistent over time.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The information collected by Trotter is an important contribution to tracing plant utilization in Libyan folk medicine over the last century.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Herbarium</kwd><kwd>North Africa</kwd><kwd>Libya</kwd><kwd>Traditional plant use</kwd><kwd>Medicinal plants</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>The Orazio Comes Botanical Museum at the Facoltà di Agraria dell'Università Federico II di Napoli encompasses the Historical Library, the Herbarium Porticense (PORUN), the Mycological Herbarium (POR) and wood collections (Xilotomoteque and Xiloteque). These wide-ranging collections were created in the course of the 19th and 20th Centuries and were kept in different sections of the Faculty of Agraria. Only recently was the Polo Museale delle Scienze Agrarie instituted, with the aim of unifying all the collections under a common structure. While the definitive building is under re-construction, the collections of the O. Comes Museum have been temporarily transferred to a provisional site. This on-going reorganization provided an opportunity for a careful examination of the items from each collection, including the archives, which document the work of various botanists from the early 1600s to 1940 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. One of the most interesting results of this work was the rediscovering of the Botanical Collection from the Libyan territories of the botanist Alessandro Trotter (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). A. Trotter was born on 1874 in Udine, Italy. In 1899, he graduated with a degree in Botany from the University of Padua, under Professor A. Saccardo, who accepted him as his assistant immediately after his graduation. A. Trotter remained at the University of Padua until 1902, when he was entrusted to teach Plant Pathology at the School of Enology of Avellino, and, subsequently, at the Agronomy Faculty of Portici, Naples, where he worked until 1949 as full professor of Botany. Trotter's scientific career reflected his broad interest in Botany. Since his beginning at the University of Padua, he demonstrated a strong attitude towards the floristic, with a specific interest in mycology, but he was also committed to the study of horticultural species, particularly those from South Italia. On behalf of the Italian Government, from 1912 to 1924, Trotter participated in different expeditions in Libya [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>] (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>), mainly in Tripolitania [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]. The results of Trotter's work in this region and, to a lesser extent, in other Libyan territories was a collection of plant specimens and a <italic>repertorium </italic>of the drugs he bought in the markets of Tripolitania, together with an archive of information, field notes, and photographs. Some of his findings were published in two reports [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>], which are unavailable to the current scientific community. Over time, Trotter's materials were scattered throughout different rooms of the Botany Department and merged with other accessions belonging to different collections. The organization of the new museum offered the possibility of grouping Trotter's exhibits in one collection, which represents a unique source of ethnobotanical information, dating back to a century ago, on a scarcely known geographical area of North Africa. It has been stressed that there are only a few places in the world for which diachronic data for ethnopharmacological purposes are available [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. Recent efforts on this subject have been recently presented for Estonia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] and Poland [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>], but old ethnobotanical data are very scarce for the African continent [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>].</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>A portrait of Alessandro Trotter</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>Geographical map of Libya in 1912 </bold>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-2"></graphic></fig><p>The aim of this paper is to report the data on plants used in folk medicine of Tripolitania and neighboring regions collected by Trotter during his expeditions in Libya and to present a preliminary description of the exhibits now available in the Libyan ethnobotanical collection of the Orazio Comes Museum.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Geographical description of the study area</title><p>North Tripolitania is dominated by the Jaffar Plain, which slopes downward to the west and upward to the highland territories (Jabel Nafusa), which in turn continue eastward with a belt of hills around Tarhuna and Homa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]. The vegetation is dominated by steppes, which cover a zone extending from the coast west of Zamiya to a large part of Jaffara Plain, the Jabal Nafusa, and eastward to the Misurata region [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. The soils around Tripoli, extending to central Jaffara, are rich in organic compounds, but the soils are poor and sandy in the rest of North Tripolitania and rocky in Jabal Nafusa. In coastal Tripolitania and in the Jabal Nafusa highlands, the climate is Mediterranean, with long, dry and hot summers, whereas in central and eastern Jaffara and in inland Jabal, the climate is semi arid, and drought occurs frequently [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]. At the beginning of 20th century, agriculture was concentrated in the oasis of the coastal territories and in part of the Jabal Nafusa plain. In the rest of the region, pastoralism (sheep, goats and camels) was the most common land use, together with transhumant cereal cultivation. The areas of mixed cereal cultivation and pastoralism were held by seminomadic groups through a combination of private and collective tenure [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>History of the Trotter Libyan Collections</title><p>After his first expedition to Libya (1912), Trotter assembled a collection of plants primarily from North Tripolitania. In the subsequent trips, he gathered specimens from other regions of Libya as well [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>].</p><p>The Trotter Collection, now located in the Orazio Comes Museum, features herbarium samples, drugs, historical photographs, and manuscripts.</p><p>The Libyan Fanerogamic collection currently includes over 2300 sheets of mounted and accessioned plants. The herbarium is organized alphabetically by family, and each herbarium sheet measures 43 × 28 centimeters (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>). Paper specimen labels are attached to the right corner of the herbarium sheet. Loose parts or fragments of plant organs are included in envelopes attached to the herbarium sheet. Each voucher specimen was annotated by Trotter with the current taxonomic name at the time, the Libyan location from which the specimen was acquired, and the collection date. Additionally, Trotter added ethnobotanical information for about 80 species, which have now been grouped in a specifically designed archive.</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>Herbarium specimen from Trotter collection, <italic>Artemisia herba-alba </italic>Asso</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-3"></graphic></fig><p>The drugs (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>), prevalently acquired by Trotter from Tripolitania markets, were identified and packed by Trotter in 83 paper sheets or boxes (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>), which were stored in a wooden cupboard (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6</xref>). Included in the collection were some unidentified drugs, corresponding to n. 74 and 83.</p><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p><bold>A drug package</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-4"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><bold>Paper sheets and boxes containing the drugs</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-5"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p><bold>The original wooden cabinet of Trotter Herbarium</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-6"></graphic></fig><p>Recently, a database of the herbarium species and drugs has been carried out, and, subsequently, a taxonomic update has been attempted. The nomenclature has been revised according to the African flowering plants database [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>] and the World Checklist of selected plant families [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Italian colonization of Tripolitania began in 1911 without a preliminary assessment of the land: for this reason, geographical expeditions in Libyan territories were undertaken between 1912 and 1916, with the participation of various specialists. The first expedition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>] had the task of carrying out mineralogical and agronomic studies on Tripolitania, and Trotter was the agronomist of the expedition. During his residence in Libya, he studied the flora (algae, fungi, and higher plants, including cultivated species) of Tripolitania. He was also greatly involved in the collection of information on plant uses from the local people. This interest was driven by practical needs, as plants used by Libyans could have potential economic benefits to emigrant settlers. In this paper, we have concentrated our attention on the medicinal uses of Libyan plants collected by Trotter. In Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>], these ethnopharmacological data are compared with the recent available information from Libya and other neighboring countries.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Plants used in Libyan folk therapy at the beginning of XXth Century according to Trotter data.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Botanical name</th><th align="left">Local names</th><th align="left">Part(s) used</th><th align="left">Description of uses</th><th align="left">Present uses in Libya and neighboring Countries</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><italic>Aaronsohnia pubescens </italic>(Desf.) K. Bremer et Humphries (PORUN - TTF2300)<break></break>ASTERACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>uàs-uàsa </italic>(arab); <italic>uscescuane </italic>(tuaregh)</td><td align="left">Leaves</td><td align="left">Grounded and eaten against gastro-intestinal aches</td><td align="left">The whole plant in infusion is used for gastro-intestinal troubles and kidney stones. It is collected and sold in the markets of South Algeria [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Achillea maritima </italic>(L.) Ehrend. et Y.P. Guo (PORUN - TTF2318)<break></break>ASTERACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>agbita, sciba </italic>(Algeria)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Sold as a febrifuge and emmenagogues</td><td align="left">In Marmarica, it is known as medicinal plant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. In North African countries, the flowering branches are considered a febrifuge, emmenagogue, tonic, and taenifuge [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Ajuga iva </italic>(L.) Schreb. (PORUN - TTD52; TTF1411)<break></break>LAMIACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>sciandagúra </italic>(arab); <italic>assaron</italic>? (Cirenaica); <italic>tletúl teelscín </italic>(berber)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">A cold infusion is anthelminthic; mixed with other components, against pulmonary affections</td><td align="left">In Marmarica, the plant is considered medicinal [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. A decoction of the aerial parts is administered against rheumatic pains, and as a carminative and stomachic. Aerial parts are also used as incense in ritual practices [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. In Morocco, the hot infusion is considered antidiabetic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]; also used as an anthelmintic and for intestinal disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Crushed leaves and seeds are smoked for their narcotic effects [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Aloë vera </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF2331)<break></break>ASPHODELACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>sabbàr</italic></td><td align="left">Leaf juice</td><td align="left">Medicinal properties (not described)</td><td align="left">The transparent gel from leaf pulp is used as a vulnerary and laxative in different African countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Alpinia officinarum </italic>Hance (PORUN - TTD17)<break></break>ZINGIBERACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">2</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>cúlgan</italic>, <italic>cúlgian</italic></td><td align="left">Rhizome</td><td align="left">Tonic</td><td align="left">Drug imported from East Asia and used in Egypt and Morocco, used as an antitussive and stimulant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. A preparation from the root is used for rheumatism and sexual impotence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Arbutus unedo </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF895)<break></break>ERICACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>sc'meri </italic>(arab); <italic>linz </italic>(Algeria); <italic>isisnu</italic>, <italic>sciscnu </italic>(berber)</td><td align="left">Bark of roots and leaves</td><td align="left">Astringent</td><td align="left">The decoction of leaves or raw fruits to treat kidney diseases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Artemisia arborescens </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD51)<break></break>ASTERACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S3">3</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>sézeret Marian </italic>(arab); <italic>scih</italic></td><td align="left">Young shoots, flowers, leaves</td><td align="left">A decoction against intestinal affections</td><td align="left">In Morocco, the plant is considered anthelmintic, aperitive, diuretic, emmenagogue and abortive [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. A leaf infusion to treat common colds, vertigo, and helminthiasis. Powdered leaves are externally applied for skin infections and wrinkles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Artemisia campestris </italic>L. subsp. <italic>variabilis </italic>(Ten.) Greuter (PORUN - TTF484)<break></break>ASTERACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>sc'ahâl </italic>(arab); <italic>togoft</italic>, <italic>tegoft</italic>, <italic>taghert</italic>, <italic>tâghiat </italic>(berber); <italic>teghoch </italic>(tuaregh)</td><td align="left">Flowers, leaves</td><td align="left">Anthelminthic, known as dua lehnâsc</td><td align="left">In Algeria, it is used as a substitute for <italic>A. absinthium </italic>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. In Tassilli N'ajjer (South Algeria), aerial parts and flowers are used for post-partum care, emmenagogue, analeptic, and antispasmodic. Also used as an anthelminthic, for stomach and liver affections. Vulnerary [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Artemisia herba-alba </italic>Asso (PORUN -TTF482)<break></break>ASTERACEAE Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>scih </italic>(arab); <italic>aghares </italic>(berber); <italic>azezzeré</italic>, <italic>zezzeri </italic>(temahac)</td><td align="left">The whole plant and the inflorescence</td><td align="left">In the Fezzan, the dried plant is ground and used as a stomachic</td><td align="left">In Marmarica region, it is known as fodder and as a medicinal plant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. A potion of the plant is drunk in North Sahara against digestive troubles, as an anthelmintic, and to treat eye affections and obesity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. A branch decoction is used for rheumatic pains and helminthiasis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. In Morocco, the plant is administered against gastrointestinal affection, as an antiseptic, anthelmintic, antidote to poisons, hypoglycemiant and emmenagogue [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Asphodelus refractus </italic>Boiss. (PORUN - TTF2304)<break></break>ASPHODELACEAE</td><td align="left">not reported</td><td align="left">Leaves</td><td align="left">Diuretic</td><td align="left">Roots, shoots and leaves are used from Egypt to Morocco as a tonic and stomachic, against headache, liver affections rheumatisms, and for treatment of syphilis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Balanites aegyptiaca </italic>(L.) Del. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2302)<break></break>BALANITACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>hagilidi</italic>, <italic>heglig </italic>(arab); <italic>tebôrac </italic>(temahac); <italic>tsciaisciot </italic>(Tuat); <italic>addua </italic>(Haussa)</td><td align="left">Young leaves, pulp of fruits</td><td align="left">Leaves to clean sores; pulp fruit used in spleen diseases and to kill Guinea worms (<italic>Vena medensis</italic>)</td><td align="left">The leaf decoction is used in the central Sahara (Algeria) and in other North African countries, as an anthelminthic, against skin affections, and as a vulnerary. Also administered to cure stomach, liver, pulmonary and spleen affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. In Sudan, the fruit is administered as a purgative, a bark decoction against jaundice, and branch fumigation against rheumatisms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. Also used as purgative and for bilharzias [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Boswellia sacra </italic>Flüeckiger (PORUN - TTD39; TTF2305)<break></break>BURSERACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S4">4</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>lúban</italic></td><td align="left">Resin of stem</td><td align="left">The yellowish granules of the resin are burnt and chewed for their aphrodisiac properties</td><td align="left">The species grows in South Arabia and is known by the Arabians as "maghrayt d'sheehaz". The resin is traditionally sold in African markets as a disinfectant and also used in the preparation of cosmetics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Brassica napus </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2308)<break></break>BRASSICACEAE</td><td align="left">lé<italic>f</italic>t (arab); <italic>afrân </italic>(temahac)</td><td align="left">Seeds</td><td align="left">Medicinal properties (not described)</td><td align="left">Included among Libyan medicinal plants as an emollient (roots) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Capparis orientalis </italic>Veillard in Duh. (PORUN - TTD7; TTF101)<break></break>CAPPARACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S5">5</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>cábbar </italic>(arab); <italic>tilult </italic>(berber)</td><td align="left">Leaves</td><td align="left">Near Tripoli, a decoction of the plant is mixed with other herbs as a stomachic</td><td align="left">In North Sahara, it is administered as a pain-killer, mainly to treat toothaches, and against rheumatisms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. In central Sahara (Tassili N'ajjer, Algeria), a poultice of fresh leaves is topically applied against rheumatism pains and headache [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. Flowers and fruits are macerated to treat rheumatism [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. An infusion of root bark is used as a cholagogue [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Citrullus colocynthis </italic>(L.) Schrad. (PORUN - TTF2316)<break></break>CUCURBITACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>handel</italic>, <italic>handla </italic>(arab); <italic>taghillilut </italic>(berber); <italic>tassellet </italic>(mezabita); <italic>alched</italic>, <italic>hagi </italic>(tuaregh)</td><td align="left">Seeds</td><td align="left">Seed infusion against the viper bites</td><td align="left">Roots are used as an abortive. In Morocco, it is considered as a antiepileptic, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, and hypoglycemiant. Also administered against gonorrhea and tinea [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Moreover, the fruit, broken into small pieces, is used to protect woolen clothing from moths [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Coriandrum sativum </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF2313)<break></break>APIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>cússbur</italic>, <italic>cóssbor </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Fruits</td><td align="left">A syrup made from the fruit used against pulmonary affections</td><td align="left">Aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, tonic. Seed and leaf decoction used against kidney stones, intestinal pains, insomnia, and scurvy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. Fruits are placed onto fire to remove bad spirits [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Cuminum cyminum </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD9)<break></break>APIACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S6">6</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>chemún ahdar </italic>(arab); <italic>azcar </italic>(tuaregh)</td><td align="left">Fruits</td><td align="left">Chewed against stomach disorders</td><td align="left">A milk infusion of fruit is administered against gastric pains and as an intestinal antiseptic, carminative and sudorific [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Also used in veterinary medicine [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Cupressus sempervirens </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD60; TTF854)<break></break>CUPRESSACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S7">7</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>arz</italic>, <italic>sirùa </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Seeds</td><td align="left">An infusion against cough and heart diseases</td><td align="left">In Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, the cones are considered antidiarrheal, antihemorrhagic, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, and sudorific [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. In the El-Jabal El-Akhdar region (Libya), leaves and cones are administered in different ways against asthma, piles, and vaginal discharge [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Curcuma longa </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF2320)<break></break>ZINGIBERACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>córcob</italic></td><td align="left">Roots</td><td align="left">Medicinal properties (not described)</td><td align="left">In Morocco, it is used as a digestive, stimulant, for blood diseases, and against amnesia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. The powdered rhizome is taken orally as a condiment, tonic, calefacient and digestive [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Cymbopogon schoenanthus </italic>(L.) Spreng. s.l. (PORUN - TTD79)<break></break>POACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S8">8</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>led'her </italic>(Mizda, arab); <italic>bu'rucûba</italic>, <italic>semmad </italic>(Algeria); <italic>lemmed</italic>, <italic>tiberrimt</italic>, <italic>leberint </italic>(Algeria)</td><td align="left">Basal part of the plant</td><td align="left">Fumigation against a kind of influence called ahón</td><td align="left">The plant is used in different countries of North Africa as an antihirheumatic, diuretic, emmenagogue, and febrifuge [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Cynodon dactylon </italic>(L.) Pers. (PORUN - TTF1127)<break></break>POACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>négem </italic>(arab); <italic>tobbalt </italic>(berber); <italic>asezmir </italic>(mezabita); <italic>oscerar </italic>(temahac)</td><td align="left">Whole plant</td><td align="left">The decoction is a diuretic</td><td align="left">Diuretic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Root decoction against stomach disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. A decoction of the rhizome or aerial part against rheumatisms, kidney stones, uterine and menstrual pains, and abortion [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Cyperus rotundus </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2307)<break></break>CYPERACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>giaâd </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Tubers</td><td align="left">A water potion against heart diseases</td><td align="left">North African Countries. The tubercles are used to cure a wide range of affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>] In Sudan, a tuber decoction is used to treat stomach troubles and as an anthelmintic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>].<break></break>Stem galls mixed with leaves of <italic>Lawsonia inermis </italic>are powdered, kneaded with water and applied as a hair tonic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>].<break></break>The tubers are used to increase body weight [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]<break></break>In Morocco, the plant is considered to be a cosmetic and aromatic and is used in hair care [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Elettaria cardamomum </italic>(L.) Maton (PORUN - TTD8)<break></break>ZINGIBERACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S9">9</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>cacúla</italic></td><td align="left">Fruits</td><td align="left">Fruit is grounded and mixed with honey into a tonic</td><td align="left">Powdered seeds are used in a preparation administered as an aphrodisiac, digestive, and stimulant. Seeds are also used as a condiment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Ephedra alata </italic>Decne. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2310)<break></break>EPHEDRACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>alenda </italic>(arab); <italic>timatrat </italic>(temahac)</td><td align="left">Seeds and young shoots</td><td align="left">Medicinal properties (not described)</td><td align="left">Used in Algeria, Libya, and Morocco as an anthiasthmatic, anti-hypertensive, astringent, and depurative as well as used against headaches and for treatment of pulmonary affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Euphorbia guyoniana </italic>Boiss. et Reut. (PORUN - TTF918)<break></break><italic>Euphorbia paralias </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF922)<break></break>EUPHORBIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>lebbîn </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Latex</td><td align="left">Topical application against viper bites</td><td align="left">Different <italic>Euphorbia </italic>species are used in Morocco to treat skin diseases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Ferula marmarica </italic>Asch. et Schweinf. (PORUN - TTD22)<break></break>APIACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S10">10</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>fassuch</italic></td><td align="left">Gum resin</td><td align="left">Medicinal properties (not described)</td><td align="left">Source of gum ammoniac [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Globularia alypum </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2077)<break></break>GLOBULARIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>zréga</italic>, <italic>zrga </italic>(arab); <italic>taselrha</italic>? (berber); <italic>tidi</italic>-<italic>n</italic>-<italic>tenet </italic>(tuaregh)</td><td align="left">Leaves and branches<break></break>Aerial part</td><td align="left">The decoction is used as a laxative, against intermittent fevers and topically in the cure of furuncles</td><td align="left">In North African countries, branch and leaf decoctions are prepared to cure intermittent fevers, arthritis and rheumatisms and used as a depurative, diuretic, hypoglycemiant and laxative [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. The decoction of the aerial parts is administered against constipation, fever, and mycosis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>].<break></break>A leaf infusion is used as a hypoglycemic, digestive, and laxative as well as for bilious stimulation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Haplophyllum tuberculatum </italic>(Forssk.) A. Juss. (PORUN - TTD59; TTF2064)<break></break>RUTACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S11">11</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>sézeret er rîh </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Laxative</td><td align="left">In Egypt and Saharan territories, flowering and fruiting branches are used to cure gastro-intestinal affections, intermittent fevers, and rheumatisms. The plant is also an aphrodisiac and administered against eye and ear affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Hedypnois cretica </italic>(L.) Dum.Cours. (PORUN - TTF2312)<break></break>ASTERACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>sézeret er rîh </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Against meteorism and to cure haón (a kind of influence)</td><td align="left">Medicinal uses not described for Maghreb and neighboring countries. Known as an edible plant in different Mediterranean countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Hyoscyamus muticus </italic>L. subsp. <italic>falezlez </italic>(Coss.) Maire (PORUN - TTF2315)<break></break>SOLANACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>gungot </italic>(arab); <italic>falezlez </italic>(arab); <italic>afahlehle </italic>(temahac); <italic>bathim</italic>, <italic>buthima</italic></td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">The plant is severely poisonous. The extract of the aerial part mixed with butter is used externally against rheumatic affections</td><td align="left">Known as medicinal plant in Marmarica [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. In North Sahara, a potion is drunk as a tonic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. The oil macerate of leaves is topically used in Tassili N'ajjer against backache, muscular cramps, spasms, and palpitation anxiety as well as to treat eye inflammation and lice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Jateorhiza palmata </italic>(Lam.) Miers (PORUN - TTD69; TTF2322)<break></break>MENISPERMACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S12">12</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>zarámba</italic></td><td align="left">Roots</td><td align="left">Infusion in orange water is given against cardiac affections</td><td align="left">Its use is largely diffused in East and Central Africa as a bitter tonic, analgesic, and against diarrhea [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Juniperus oxycedrus </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2327)<break></break>CUPRESSACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>taga </italic>(Algeria)</td><td align="left">Wood of the stem</td><td align="left">Trunks are carbonized to give an oil (the cade oil) that is used against skin affections</td><td align="left">In Tunisia and Morocco, the tar produced by the wood is antiparasitic and antiseptic for the skin [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Launaea quercifolia </italic>(Desf.) Pamp. (PORUN - TTF654)<break></break>ASTERACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>machinàn </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Eaten against rheumatic aches</td><td align="left">Medicinal uses not described for Maghreb and neighboring countries. In Morocco, <italic>L. arborescens </italic>is used to cure diabetes and against nausea and skin troubles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Laurus nobilis </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD47)<break></break>LAURACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S13">13</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>rénd, rhár </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Dried leaves</td><td align="left">Medicinal plant (uses not described). Dried leaves are sold in the markets by herbalists</td><td align="left">Leaf and fruit oil has a cosmetic application for face care. An infusion of leaves and fruits is administered for dental hygiene and to cure liver, pancreas and digestive diseases. The decoction of the same parts is given to treat rheumatic pains [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Lawsonia inermis </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF1798)<break></break>LYTHRACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>hénna </italic>(arab); <italic>alen </italic>(berber); <italic>anella </italic>(temahac)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Astringent, vulnerary, used against dandruff and chilblains. Abortive</td><td align="left">Leaves are antiseptic and astringent as well as used against eye affections and in the preparation of antirheumatic liniments. Flowers have insecticide properties [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. Leaves powdered and mixed with water are applied as a hair tonic or mixed with lime juice as an emetic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. Also administered against gastric ulcer and kidney stones [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Lepidium sativum </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTD34; TTF852)<break></break>BRASSICACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S14">14</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>habb' rsciad </italic>(arab); <italic>carabau</italic>, <italic>tsc'uit </italic>(Algeria)</td><td align="left">Seeds</td><td align="left">Sold in the markets and used to cure cough and asthma</td><td align="left">In North Africa, the seeds, crushed with honey, or seed flour are administered against cough and pulmonary affections, delivery difficulties, heart tonic, revulsive and also in the cure of skin troubles. The leaves are considered tonic and effective in the prevention of scurvy; frequently used as a condiment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. The milk infusion of seeds is used to cure migraines. Seeds boiled in oil are used to treat diarrhea. Powdered seeds are externally applied for skin ulcers and warts. Seeds are also part of a preparation used in the treatment of sexual impotence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Marrubium alysson </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF1423)<break></break><italic>Marrubium vulgare </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF1429)<break></break>LAMIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>rúbia</italic>, <italic>róbia </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">The powdered plant, mixed with oil, is used for rheumatism</td><td align="left">Flowers have insecticide properties [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. A leaf and stem decoction is used to treat intestinal pains, cough, and colds. Crushed leaves are used against ear pains [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. An infusion of the aerial parts is used as an antipyretic, expectorant, antidiarrheal, tonic, bilious stimulation and for bronchitis and menstrual pains. The aerial part is also boiled with wine to obtain a syrup used as a stomachic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Matricaria aurea </italic>(Loefl.) Sch. Bip. (PORUN - TTD25; TTF666)<break></break>ASTERACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S15">15</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>fleia </italic>(arab); <italic>greisa </italic>(Cirenaica)</td><td align="left">Flowering branches</td><td align="left">The decoction is used against gastro-intestinal affections</td><td align="left">In the Middle East, the plant is used as a substitute for <italic>M. chamomilla </italic>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Myrtus communis </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTD31)<break></break>MYRTACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S16">16</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>rehân</italic>, <italic>ghemmâm</italic>, <italic>gidra </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Leaves and flowers</td><td align="left">The plant has many medicinal uses</td><td align="left">The plant is sold in the Algiers and Rabat markets for use against diarrhea, gastro-intestinal disorders, asthma and other respiratory ailments. It is also topically applied for painful organs. The plant is also used in perfumery and cosmetics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Leaves and buds are used against hemorrhoids and skin affections. Fruits are administered for the cure of ocular disorders. An infusion of the leaves is used as a mouthwash against gingivitis and in association with walnut and mulberry in the treatment of diabetes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>].<break></break>A leaf decoction is used against cardiac and intestinal affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. A leaf infusion is used against pneumonia, diarrhea and to promote wound healing. For hair care, a mixture with <italic>Lawsonia inermis </italic>is locally applied [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Nitraria retusa </italic>(Forssk.) Asch. (PORUN - TTF2317)<break></break>ZYGOPHYLLACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>gárdegh </italic>(arab); <italic>atazzim </italic>(temahac)</td><td align="left">Leaves</td><td align="left">Crushed leaves are put in hot water and then used as a poultice against swellings</td><td align="left">The leaves are used in Tunisia to reduce swellings, and the ashes are used to cure infected wounds [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Olea europaea </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF1811)<break></break>OLEACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>zêt, zêt ez zitûna</italic></td><td align="left">Oil</td><td align="left">Excipient of many plant drugs</td><td align="left">A leaf decoction is used against nervous troubles and as an anthelmintic. Powdered leaves are used in the treatment of diabetes; burnt leaves are used to cure eye affections. Olive oil is administered to cure dry cough and grippe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. In Morocco, it is used for mouth hygiene, stomach pains, intestinal diseases, and diabetes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Opuntia ficus-indica </italic>(L.) Mill. (PORUN - TTF2329)<break></break>CACTACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>híndi </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Flowers</td><td align="left">Medicinal properties (not described)</td><td align="left">The powdered flower is used against stomach disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. An infusion of flowers is administered to stop diarrhea and as a diuretic. Flowers are also part of a preparation used as a calefacient [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. In Morocco, it is also administered to cure bladder, kidney and uterus infections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Orchis mascula </italic>(L.) L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2326)<break></break>ORCHIDACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>sahalep</italic></td><td align="left">Whole plant</td><td align="left">Used in the preparation of a medicinal powder</td><td align="left">No medicinal use reported for Maghreb or Sahara</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Origanum majorana </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD41)<break></break>LAMIACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S17">17</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>mardgúscia </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Against dysentery</td><td align="left">In the Algiers market, the plant is sold to cure eye affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>] In Morocco, the infusion of branches is used to treat chills, fever, cough, and flatulence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Origanum vulgare </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2303)<break></break>LAMIACEAE</td><td></td><td align="left">Flowers</td><td align="left">Flowers have medicinal properties</td><td align="left">In Tunisia and Algeria, the leaves and flowering branches are used as a stimulant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Paliurus spina-christi </italic>Mill. (PORUN - TTF2321)<break></break>RHAMNACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>sédr</italic>, <italic>zegregh</italic>, <italic>ennab</italic>, <italic>corna </italic>(arab); <italic>abaga</italic>, <italic>labacat </italic>(temahac); <italic>magaria</italic>, <italic>cussulu </italic>(Algeria)</td><td align="left">Young shoots<break></break>Leaves</td><td align="left">Anthelmintic</td><td align="left">Medicinal uses not reported in Maghreb and neighboring regions. Used in the East Mediterranean region to treat respiratory, circulatory and gastro-intestinal disorders [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Paronychia argentea </italic>Lam. (PORUN - TTF2301)<break></break>PARONYCHIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>theia el arab, theia el gebel </italic>(Algeria)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Infusion used against dysentery</td><td align="left">Used as an antidiabetic in the East Mediterranean [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Peganum harmala </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD35; TTF2067)<break></break>ZYGOPHYLLACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S18">18</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>hármal </italic>(arab); <italic>bender tifli</italic>, <italic>bender tifîn </italic>(tuaregh)</td><td align="left">Seeds</td><td align="left">Oil is used against headaches; burnt against mental diseases</td><td align="left">The plant is sold in North African markets and used for a large number of affections. In Sudan, it is used against inflammations of the head, face and mouth as well as against headache and sinusitis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. The leaf decoction is used against high blood pressure and hemorrhoids [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]. In Tassili N'ajjer (Algeria), a decoction of seeds is taken to treat a large number of affections, ranging from skin diseases to nervous disorders, including anxiety. Also used to treat diabetes, helminthiasis and jaundice. The seed decoction is externally applied against tumors, eczema and lice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. Similar uses are also reported for Morocco and the Northern Sahara [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. Powdered seeds of barley and <italic>P. harmala </italic>are topically applied against rheumatism [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Periploca angustifolia </italic>Labill. (PORUN - TTF2306)<break></break>APOCYNACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>sinuâc, teborac, arac </italic>(arab); <italic>têhac </italic>(temahac); <italic>chigu </italic>(near Tchad)</td><td align="left">Dried leaves<break></break>Fruits</td><td align="left">A decoction of dried leaves is used against syphilis mixed with a substance called ras el hânut<break></break>A violet, pungent beverage is a slight laxative</td><td align="left">The seed decoction is used as a local analgesic and antirheumatic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. In Tassili N'ajjer (Algeria), the decoction of seeds or the aerial part of the plant can be drunk as an abortive and to cure diabetes. Externally, used to treat rheumatism and various pains [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>].<break></break>Fodder appreciated in arid areas, eaten by camels, sheep and goats</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Phoenix dactylifera </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF2323)<break></break>ARECACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>na'hla </italic>(arab); <italic>tezdit </italic>(berber); <italic>tazzeit</italic>, <italic>tazeit </italic>(temahac); <italic>zui </italic>(Augila)</td><td align="left">Fruits</td><td align="left">The fruits are used to make an alcoholic beverage to which is attributed medicinal properties.</td><td align="left">In North African countries, the wood of the palm is used as toothbrush. Dates are used as against ulcers of the genital organs and as a diuretic, laxative, and tonic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Piper retrofractum </italic>Vahl (PORUN - TTD19)<break></break>PIPERACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S19">19</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>dahr el filfil</italic></td><td align="left">Flowers</td><td align="left">Imported in Libya from Sudan. When mixed with honey is used as an aphrodisiac</td><td align="left">The plant is imported from Asian countries. In Morocco, the plant is known for its aphrodisiac, calefacient and magic properties [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Pistacia atlantica </italic>Desf. (PORUN - TTD3; TTF16)<break></break>ANACARDIACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S20">20</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>batúm </italic>(arab); <italic>tizert </italic>(berber)</td><td align="left">Fruits</td><td align="left">Sold in the markets. It is chewed against respiratory affections. The oil has similar properties</td><td align="left">Leaves are used against skin affections. Fruits are used to season dates. Used for tanning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. In Marmarica, it is used as fuel, grazing and medicinal plants [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. Burnt leaves are used in a poultice against eye affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. In Morocco, fruits are administered against stomach-ache, whereas the gall is used for cosmetic applications, against fever and stomach diseases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Plantago afra </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2324)<break></break>PLANTAGINACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>anàm, nenàm </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Whole plant</td><td align="left">Vulnerary. Powdered and dried is administered in topical applications</td><td align="left">In Marmarica, used as medicinal plant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. In North African countries, used against metabolic disorders, gastro-intestinal affections, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, urinary tract disorders, and venereal diseases. Fresh leaves are applied topically for poison ivy, insect bites and stings [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Punica granatum </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD37)<break></break>PUNICACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S21">21</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>rummân, rummâna </italic>(arab); <italic>taarmunt, armun </italic>(fruit) (berber); <italic>tarrumant </italic>(temahac)</td><td align="left">Flowers</td><td align="left">Flowers are medicinal. Seeds are tonic and aphrodisiac</td><td align="left">In Egypt, fruit peels are sold as an astringent; dried powdered peel is sold in Morocco as an antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antiseptic, antiulcerous, astringent, and hemostatic as well as against gastro-intestinal and gynecological disorders and for cleansing the teeth [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Ricinus communis </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTD14)<break></break>RUTACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S22">22</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>chèrua </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Seeds</td><td align="left">The water infusion is a laxative (also chewed seeds). Leaves are used in the preparation of poultices</td><td align="left">Known as a medicinal plant in Marmarica [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. In Central Sahara, the seed decoction is used against fevers and headaches or externally applied to cure trachoma, aphthae, and hair loss [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. A decoction is administered to treat cow jaundice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. In Sudan, the fresh leaves are rubbed on the head to relieve headache or on the legs against swellings [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Rosa damascena </italic>Mill. (PORUN - TTF2325)<break></break>ROSACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>uárd </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Rose buds</td><td align="left">The herbalists in Tripoli sell dried rose buds for medicinal purposes (sciús el uárd)</td><td align="left">Dried flower buds are used against headache, stomach pains, toothaches, and as laxative and hair tonic are sold in North African markets [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Used also in the cure of numerous affection of the eyes and ears [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>] The flower infusion is used as a laxative. A mixture with other plants is applied externally [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Rosmarinus officinalis </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD16; TTF1441)<break></break>LAMIACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S23">23</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>clíl </italic>(arab); <italic>uzbir</italic>, <italic>uzuer </italic>(berber)</td><td align="left">Leaves</td><td align="left">The infusion is used against cough; ground dried leaves in oil are vulnerary</td><td align="left">The leaf decoction is administered against intestinal parasites and rheumatism in Central Sahara [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>] as well as an emmenagogue, spasmolytic against gastro-intestinal and liver disorders, diuretic, carminative and sedative in Morocco [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. A leaf infusion is also prepared against tachycardia and as a cholagogue and vasopressor. Leaves are also externally applied against wrinkles, muscular pains and rheumatism and as a vulnerary [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>].<break></break>In Tunisia, rosemary leaves are used as an antispasmodic for the digestive tracts and as a vermifuge. Dried leaves, ground and mixed with olive oil, are put on recent circumcision wounds [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Ruta chalepensis </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF2069)<break></break><italic>Ruta </italic>sp. (PORUN - TTD24)<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S24">24</xref><break></break><italic>Ruta graveolens </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF2309)<break></break>RUTACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>fgél</italic>, <italic>figél </italic>(arab); <italic>issîn </italic>(temahac)<break></break><italic>fgél, fesál </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Aerial part<break></break>Aerial part</td><td align="left">Sold in Tripoli market, and used against rheumatic affections and ecchymosis. The smell of the plant keeps the scorpions away from houses<break></break>In Cyrenaica, a potion made with this plant is administered to newborns as a tonic</td><td align="left">In Rabat Market, the plant is sold for use against nervous affections, and in Algiers markets, for use against vomiting and fevers of children and babies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. Washing with crushed leaves is used against ear pains, and leaves are smoked to keep away bad spirits [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. In Morocco, the aerial parts are used as an abortive, for intestinal and hepatic diseases, male sterility, and vitiligo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. Also known as a vulnerary, emmenagogue, and spasmodic; the fresh plant is used as a scorpion and insect repellent. Leaves and seeds, boiled in olive oil, are rubbed on the skin to treat rheumatism and swellings [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Salvia aegyptiaca </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF1370)<break></break>LAMIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>ra'al, sezeret el rházel </italic>(arab, ex Muschler); <italic>safsaf </italic>(tuaregh)</td><td align="left">1. aerial part; 2. leaves</td><td align="left">The infusion is digestive.<break></break>The leaves are kept in the nose to give a fresh sensation</td><td align="left">In Marmarica, it is used as grazing plant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. In Tassili N'ajjer (Algeria), seeds are topically applied as an eye antiseptic. The infusion of the aerial part is a febrifuge, painkiller, and antispasmoic. Also used to treat digestive troubles and infected wounds [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Schoenocaulon officinale </italic>(Schltdl. et Cham.) A. Gray ex Benth. (PORUN - TTF2311)<break></break>MELANTHIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>duá ghémel</italic></td><td align="left">Seeds</td><td align="left">Against lice</td><td align="left">Used as an insecticide in North Africa and on other continents [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Smyrnium olusatrum </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF2193)<break></break>APIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>calch </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Abortive</td><td align="left">The genus <italic>Smyrnium </italic>is included among the medicinal plants of Morocco and is mainly used as a calefacient [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>]; the fruits are ground to powder and put in water for a cold in the chest. The decoction is recommended for headaches [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Tanacetum parthenium </italic>(L.) Sch. Bip. (PORUN - TTF2332; TTD63)<break></break>ASTERACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S25">25</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>usciach</italic></td><td align="left">Gum resin<break></break>Roots</td><td align="left">Imported from Marseille and sold in the markets. It is dissolved in vinegar against contusions or to cure furuncles<break></break>Medicinal properties (not described)</td><td align="left">Used against fever, rheumatoid arthritis and migraines in the popular medicine of Africa, Europe and America [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Teucrium polium </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTD65; TTF1389)<break></break>LAMIACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S26">26</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>giaád</italic>, <italic>zaád </italic>(arab); <italic>techmezzutin </italic>(tuaregh)</td><td align="left">Aerial part</td><td align="left">Gastro-intestinal affections</td><td align="left">Used in North Africa against dysmenorrhea [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>].<break></break>In Morocco, the aerial parts are used against chill, edema, live pain and for blood cleansing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Thapsia garganica </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTF2196)<break></break>BRASSICACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>drias </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Inflorescence</td><td align="left">Vulnerary</td><td align="left">The infusion of the aerial parts is used against cough and rheumatic pains. The root infusion is used to treat liver and bladder diseases, and an oil is externally applied for swelling and wrinkles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Thymus capitatus </italic>(L.) Hoffmanns. et Link (PORUN - TTD70; TTF1401)<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S27">27</xref><break></break><italic>Thymus mastigophorus </italic>Lacaita (PORUN - TTF2328)<break></break>LAMIACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>zaátar </italic>(arab); <italic>sótar </italic>(berber)<break></break><italic>zaátar </italic>(arab); <italic>arrar</italic>? (berber)</td><td align="left">Leaves and floral shoots</td><td align="left">A cold infusion against cough</td><td align="left">Eaten as vegetable in Marmarica and also known as medicinal plant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. In Libya, the plant is used for coughs, as a tonic, and against skin affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Trigonella foenum-graecum </italic>L. (PORUN - TTF1596)<break></break>FABACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>hélba </italic>(arab)</td><td align="left">Seeds</td><td align="left">Against cough, febrifuge</td><td align="left">Cultivated and naturalized in North Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. The seed decoction is used for uterine pains. Boiled seeds are also ingested as a hypoglycemic, while powdered seed mixed with water are externally applied as a hair tonic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. In Morocco, seeds are considered to be blood cleansing and an aortic-palpitation reconstituant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. In Sudan, it is administered against rheumatism and dysentery as well as for cleaning the blood. It is also reputed as a lactagogue [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. In Tasili N'ajjar (Algeria), the decoction of the aerial parts or seeds are used to cure diabetes, clean the blood, and as a tonic and an analeptic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. Seed maceration is effective to treat diabetes, scurvy, and digestive troubles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Zingiber officinale </italic>Roscoe (PORUN - TTF2330)<break></break>ZINGIBERACEAE</td><td align="left"><italic>zéngibil, schéngibil</italic></td><td align="left">Roots</td><td align="left">Aphrodisiac</td><td align="left">Used in North Africa for a wide range of affections [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. In Sudan, used for colds and rheumatism as well as to treat pneumonia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Evernia furfuracea </italic>(L.) Mann (PORUN - TTD56)<break></break>PARMELIACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S28">28</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>scíba</italic></td><td align="left">Fragments of thallus</td><td align="left">When mixed with other species of lichens (see below), it is used to prepare medicinal decoctions</td><td align="left">Medicinal uses not reported for Maghreb and neighboring regions</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Ramalina calicaris </italic>(L.) Fr. (PORUN - TTD53)<break></break>RAMALINACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S29">29</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>scíba</italic></td><td align="left">Fragments of thallus</td><td align="left">See <italic>Evernia furfuracea</italic></td><td align="left">Medicinal uses not reported for Maghreb and neighboring regions</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Ramalina farinacea </italic>(L.) Ach. (PORUN - TTD54)<break></break>RAMALINACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S29">29</xref></td><td align="left"><italic>scíba</italic></td><td align="left">Fragments of thallus</td><td align="left">See <italic>Evernia furfuracea</italic></td><td align="left">Medicinal uses not reported for Maghreb and neighboring regions</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Usnea plicata </italic>(L.) Fries (PORUN - TTD55)<break></break>USNEACEAE<break></break>Additional file <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S30">30</xref></td><td></td><td align="left">Fragments of thallus</td><td align="left">See <italic>Evernia furfuracea</italic></td><td align="left">Medicinal uses not reported for Maghreb and neighboring regions</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>The occurrence of? after a local name of a plant is a Trotter indication.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Trotter collected his ethnobotanical data mainly during the first expedition (1912). The provenance of the information is not always indicated, but we are far from the present standards of ethnobotanical investigations. Frequently, a single or very few informants are the source of the data, and, in some cases, Trotter reported only that the plant was used as a medicine, without describing the therapeutic applications. Notwithstanding these limitations, a not-irrelevant body of knowledge was assembled.</p><p>Data are related to about 70 species of flowering plants and to 4 lichens. The plants are mainly from Mediterranean or Sub-Saharan habitats, with a slight prevalence for the former. The plants belong to 37 different families; Lamiaceae was the most cited family with 10 accessions, followed by Asteraceae with 9. The prevalence of these families has been reported in the conclusive report of the Rubia project on medicinal plants in Mediterranean area [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]. The authors suggest that this could be because the plants belonging to these families are easily recognizable by the morphology of the flowers and due to their aromas and flavors.</p><p>Generally, the aerial parts of the plants are the most frequently used (28 species), followed by leaves (15 species), flowers and seeds (9 species), fruits (7 species) and hypogean organs (roots, rhizomes, tubers: 5 species).</p><p>Plants were generally processed in very simple ways: an infusion or decoction of the plants were prepared and orally administered or used for topical applications. A wide range of affections was treated, ranging from mental disorders to skin affections. All the organs of human body were considered, but the pathologies of the gastro-intestinal tract, respiratory system and those related to traumatic accidents (contusions, swellings, burnings, wounds) were the most frequently mentioned.</p><p>Trotter described a decoction, named <italic>sciba</italic>, made with three different lichens belonging to the genera <italic>Evernia </italic>and <italic>Ramalina</italic>. The species mentioned are found worldwide and largely used for dyeing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>], but the species are also used in perfumery [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>] and in traditional medicine of numerous countries, due to the presence of active compounds, as usnic acid and atranorin [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>]. Trotter did not indicate the therapeutic applications for this decoction. With a similar name, al-sheba, the lichen <italic>Parmotrema tinctorium </italic>is sold as food spice in India [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. As far we know, there are no other reports dealing with this preparation in the Maghreb countries.</p><p>Overall, 75 plants (including the four lichens previously mentioned) were also collected as drugs by Trotter; 30 of these had medicinal properties. Two mineral samples (antimony and clay) were also held in the drug collection (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">8</xref>); they were used in topical wound treatment by numerous ancient and primitive societies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>]. The drugs were mainly sold in the Tripoli market, but also in local markets spread along Tripolitania. Libya is located in the middle of Mediterranean and was an important crossroad for trade in ancient times. The Libyan towns established commercial relationships with countries of all three continents, Africa, Asia and Europe. The town of Cyrene was a prime center for the export of the medicinal herb called silphium, one of the essential commodities of the Mediterranean region in classical era [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>]. A late echo of the ancient flourishing trades was still present in the drugs found by Trotter at the beginning of the 20th century. He collected drugs that are, to a large extent, of Mediterranean origin, and are currently traded in Mediterranean region. Drugs from herbs such as <italic>Ajuga iva </italic>or <italic>Artemisia arborescens </italic>or those belonging to the genera of Lamiaceae, listed in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>, are commonly found in the markets along the Mediterranean, from Moroccan bazaars [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>] to the herbal shops of Turkey [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>] and Greece [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>]. In contrast, some drugs were of Asiatic provenance, such as <italic>Alpinia officinarum </italic>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>] and <italic>Piper retrofractum </italic>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>], whereas others, such as <italic>Tanacethum </italic><italic>parthenium</italic>, came mainly from Europe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>], suggesting that the ancient trade routes from Asia and Europe to North Africa were still being used a century ago. Few drugs were produced from indigenous plants; perhaps the most interesting case is that of <italic>Ferula marmarica</italic>, a plant native to some Libyan regions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>], which was used in classical times to produce the ammoniac gum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>], to which Dioscorides attributed relevant therapeutic roles ranging from anti-inflammatory to digestive and painkiller [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>].</p><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p><bold>Antimonium (PORUN - TTD76), Tripolitania Trotter collection Drug section</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-7"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p><bold>Clay (PORUN - TTD77), Tripolitania Trotter collection Drug section</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-8"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The Trotter Collection can represent a useful tool for current ethnopharmacological research in Libya and neighboring countries. It is known that about 80% of the African population presently rely on traditional forms of health care, but it is not easy to document continuity and changes in therapeutic approaches. The information collected by Trotter contributes to filling this gap, enabling us to trace the use of plant utilization in Libyan folk medicine over the last century. A comparison with the recent ethnopharmacological research in Maghreb reveals a high correspondence; almost all of the plants cited by Trotter are still used in the folk medicine of at least one of the North African countries, and therapeutic uses of each plant appear consistent over that time.</p><p>The results of this study, although based on information that needs to be confirmed by current methodologies, seem to suggest that it is possible to find a core of a shared popular medicine along the African Coast of the Mediterranean Sea, probably due to climatic, cultural and linguistic continuity.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' contributions</title><p>The authors contributed equally to this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S1"><caption><title>Additional file 1</title><p><bold><italic>Ajuga iva </italic>(L.) Schreb</bold>. <bold>(PORUN - TTD52), aerial part.</bold></p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S1.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S2"><caption><title>Additional file 2</title><p><bold><italic>Alpinia officinarum </italic>Hance (PORUN - TTD17), rhizome</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S2.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S3"><caption><title>Additional file 3</title><p><bold><italic>Artemisia arborescens </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD51), young shoots, flowers and leaves</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S3.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S4"><caption><title>Additional file 4</title><p><bold><italic>Boswellia sacra </italic>Flüeckiger (PORUN - TTD39), resin of stem</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S4.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S5"><caption><title>Additional file 5</title><p><bold><italic>Capparis orientalis </italic>Veillard in Duh</bold>.<bold> (PORUN - TTD7), leaves.</bold></p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S5.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S6"><caption><title>Additional file 6</title><p><bold><italic>Cuminum cyminum </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD9), fruits</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S6.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S7"><caption><title>Additional file 7</title><p><bold><italic>Cupressus sempervirens </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD60), cones and seeds</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S7.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S8"><caption><title>Additional file 8</title><p><bold><italic>Cymbopogon schoenanthus </italic>(L.) Spreng. s.l</bold>.<bold> (PORUN - TTD79), basal part of the plant.</bold></p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S8.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S9"><caption><title>Additional file 9</title><p><bold><italic>Elettaria cardamomum </italic>(L.) Maton (PORUN - TTD8), fruits</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S9.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S10"><caption><title>Additional file 10</title><p><bold><italic>Ferula marmarica </italic>Asch. et Schweinf</bold>. <bold>(PORUN - TTD22), gum resin.</bold></p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S10.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S11"><caption><title>Additional file 11</title><p><bold><italic>Haplophyllum tuberculatum </italic>(Forssk.) A. Juss</bold>. <bold>(PORUN - TTD59), aerial part.</bold></p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S11.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S12"><caption><title>Additional file 12</title><p><bold><italic>Jateorhiza palmata </italic>(Lam.) Miers (PORUN - TTD69), roots</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S12.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S13"><caption><title>Additional file 13</title><p><bold><italic>Laurus nobilis </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD47), leaves</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S13.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S14"><caption><title>Additional file 14</title><p><bold><italic>Lepidium sativum </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTD34), seeds</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S14.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S15"><caption><title>Additional file 15</title><p><bold><italic>Matricaria aurea </italic>(Loefl.) Sch. Bip. (PORUN - TTD25), flowering branches and leaves</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S15.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S16"><caption><title>Additional file 16</title><p><bold><italic>Myrtus communis </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTD31), leaves and flowers</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S16.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S17"><caption><title>Additional file 17</title><p><bold><italic>Origanum majorana </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD41), aerial part</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S17.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S18"><caption><title>Additional file 18</title><p><bold><italic>Peganum harmala </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD35), seeds</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S18.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S19"><caption><title>Additional file 19</title><p><bold><italic>Piper retrofractum </italic>Vahl (PORUN - TTD19), flowers</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S19.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S20"><caption><title>Additional file 20</title><p><bold><italic>Pistacia atlantica </italic>Desf</bold>.<bold> (PORUN - TTD3), fruits and gall-nut.</bold></p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S20.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S21"><caption><title>Additional file 21</title><p><bold><italic>Punica granatum </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD37), flowers</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S21.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S22"><caption><title>Additional file 22</title><p><bold><italic>Ricinus communis </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTD14), seeds</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S22.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S23"><caption><title>Additional file 23</title><p><bold><italic>Rosmarinus officinalis </italic>L. (PORUN - TTD16), leaves</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S23.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S24"><caption><title>Additional file 24</title><p><bold><italic>Ruta </italic>sp. (PORUN - TTD24), aerial part</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S24.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S25"><caption><title>Additional file 25</title><p><bold><italic>Tanacetum parthenium </italic>(L.) Sch. Bip. (PORUN - TTD63), roots</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S25.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S26"><caption><title>Additional file 26</title><p><bold><italic>Teucrium polium </italic>L. s.l. (PORUN - TTD65), aerial part</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S26.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S27"><caption><title>Additional file 27</title><p><bold><italic>Thymus capitatus </italic>(L.) Hoffmanns</bold>. et Link <bold>(PORUN - TTD70), leaves and floral shoots.</bold></p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S27.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S28"><caption><title>Additional file 28</title><p><bold><italic>Evernia furfuracea </italic>(L.) Mann (PORUN - TTD56), thallus</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S28.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S29"><caption><title>Additional file 29</title><p><bold><italic>Ramalina calicaris </italic>(L.) Fr. (PORUN - TTD53) and <italic>Ramalina farinacea </italic>(L.) Ach. (PORUN - TTD54), thallus</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S29.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S30"><caption><title>Additional file 30</title><p><bold><italic>Usnea plicata </italic>(L.) Fries (PORUN - TTD55), thallus</bold>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1746-4269-8-4-S30.TIFF" mimetype="image" mime-subtype="tiff"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>De Natale</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><person-group person-group-type="editor">Mazzoleni S, Pignattelli S</person-group><article-title>Herbarium Porticense</article-title><source>I Musei delle Scienze Agrarie. 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