Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Genetic signatures of parental contribution in black and white populations in Brazil</title><author><name sortKey="Guerreiro Junior, Vanderlei" sort="Guerreiro Junior, Vanderlei" uniqKey="Guerreiro Junior V" first="Vanderlei" last="Guerreiro-Junior">Vanderlei Guerreiro-Junior</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bisso Machado, Rafael" sort="Bisso Machado, Rafael" uniqKey="Bisso Machado R" first="Rafael" last="Bisso-Machado">Rafael Bisso-Machado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marrero, Andrea" sort="Marrero, Andrea" uniqKey="Marrero A" first="Andrea" last="Marrero">Andrea Marrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunemeier, Tabita" sort="Hunemeier, Tabita" uniqKey="Hunemeier T" first="Tábita" last="Hünemeier">Tábita Hünemeier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, Francisco M" sort="Salzano, Francisco M" uniqKey="Salzano F" first="Francisco M." last="Salzano">Francisco M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, Maria Catira" sort="Bortolini, Maria Catira" uniqKey="Bortolini M" first="Maria Cátira" last="Bortolini">Maria Cátira Bortolini</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21637639</idno><idno type="pmc">3032968</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032968</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3032968</idno><idno type="doi">10.1590/S1415-47572009005000001</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000188</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000188</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genetic signatures of parental contribution in black and white populations in Brazil</title><author><name sortKey="Guerreiro Junior, Vanderlei" sort="Guerreiro Junior, Vanderlei" uniqKey="Guerreiro Junior V" first="Vanderlei" last="Guerreiro-Junior">Vanderlei Guerreiro-Junior</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bisso Machado, Rafael" sort="Bisso Machado, Rafael" uniqKey="Bisso Machado R" first="Rafael" last="Bisso-Machado">Rafael Bisso-Machado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marrero, Andrea" sort="Marrero, Andrea" uniqKey="Marrero A" first="Andrea" last="Marrero">Andrea Marrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunemeier, Tabita" sort="Hunemeier, Tabita" uniqKey="Hunemeier T" first="Tábita" last="Hünemeier">Tábita Hünemeier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, Francisco M" sort="Salzano, Francisco M" uniqKey="Salzano F" first="Francisco M." last="Salzano">Francisco M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, Maria Catira" sort="Bortolini, Maria Catira" uniqKey="Bortolini M" first="Maria Cátira" last="Bortolini">Maria Cátira Bortolini</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Genetics and Molecular Biology</title><idno type="ISSN">1415-4757</idno><idno type="eISSN">1678-4685</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Two hundred and three individuals classified as white were tested for 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms plus two insertion/deletions in their Y-chromosomes. A subset of these individuals (n = 172) was also screened for sequences in the first hypervariable segment of their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In addition, complementary studies were done for 11 of the 13 markers indicated above in 54 of 107 black subjects previously investigated in this southern Brazilian population. The prevalence of Y-chromosome haplogroups among whites was similar to that found in the Azores (Portugal) or Spain, but not to that of other European countries. About half of the European or African mtDNA haplogroups of these individuals were related to their places of origin, but not their Amerindian counterparts. Persons classified in these two categories of skin color and related morphological traits showed distinct genomic ancestries through the country. These findings emphasize the need to consider in Brazil, despite some general trends, a notable heterogeneity in the pattern of admixture dynamics within and between populations/groups.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abe Sandes, K" uniqKey="Abe Sandes K">K. Abe-Sandes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, W" uniqKey="Silva W">W. Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zago, M A" uniqKey="Zago M">M.A. Zago</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alves Silva, J" uniqKey="Alves Silva J">J. Alves-Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, M S" uniqKey="Santos M">M.S. Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guimaraes, P M" uniqKey="Guimaraes P">P.M. Guimarães</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, A C S" uniqKey="Ferreira A">A.C.S. Ferreira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bandelt, H J" uniqKey="Bandelt H">H.-.J. Bandelt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, S D J" uniqKey="Pena S">S.D.J. Pena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prado, V F" uniqKey="Prado V">V.F. Prado</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andrews, R M" uniqKey="Andrews R">R.M. Andrews</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kubacka, I" uniqKey="Kubacka I">I. Kubacka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chinnery, P F" uniqKey="Chinnery P">P.F. Chinnery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lightowlers, R N" uniqKey="Lightowlers R">R.N. Lightowlers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turnbull, D M" uniqKey="Turnbull D">D.M. Turnbull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howell, N" uniqKey="Howell N">N. Howell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandelt, H J" uniqKey="Bandelt H">H.J. Bandelt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forster, P" uniqKey="Forster P">P. Forster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rohl, A" uniqKey="Rohl A">A. Rohl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandelt, H J" uniqKey="Bandelt H">H.J. Bandelt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quintana Murci, L" uniqKey="Quintana Murci L">L. Quintana-Murci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salas, A" uniqKey="Salas A">A. Salas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macaulay, V" uniqKey="Macaulay V">V. Macaulay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beleza, S" uniqKey="Beleza S">S. Beleza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gusmao, L" uniqKey="Gusmao L">L. Gusmão</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, A" uniqKey="Amorim A">A. Amorim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carracedo, A" uniqKey="Carracedo A">A. Carracedo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salas, A" uniqKey="Salas A">A. Salas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beleza, S" uniqKey="Beleza S">S. Beleza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gusmao, L" uniqKey="Gusmao L">L. Gusmão</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopes, A" uniqKey="Lopes A">A. Lopes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alves, C" uniqKey="Alves C">C. Alves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomes, I" uniqKey="Gomes I">I. Gomes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giouzeli, M" uniqKey="Giouzeli M">M. Giouzeli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calafell, F" uniqKey="Calafell F">F. Calafell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carracedo, A" uniqKey="Carracedo A">A. Carracedo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, A" uniqKey="Amorim A">A. Amorim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zago, M A" uniqKey="Zago M">M.A. Zago</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siva, W A" uniqKey="Siva W">W.A. Siva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonatto, W A" uniqKey="Bonatto W">W.A. Bonatto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, M C" uniqKey="Silva M">M.C. Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weimer, T A" uniqKey="Weimer T">T.A. Weimer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, W A" uniqKey="Silva W">W.A. Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castro De Guerra, D" uniqKey="Castro De Guerra D">D. Castro-de-Guerra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remonatto, G" uniqKey="Remonatto G">G. Remonatto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mirandola, R" uniqKey="Mirandola R">R. Mirandola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutz, M H" uniqKey="Hutz M">M.H. Hutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weimer, T A" uniqKey="Weimer T">T.A. Weimer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zago, M A" uniqKey="Zago M">M.A. Zago</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, M G" uniqKey="Thomas M">M.G. Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nasanem, S P K" uniqKey="Nasanem S">S.P.K. Nasanem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bau, C H D" uniqKey="Bau C">C.H.D. Bau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutz, M H" uniqKey="Hutz M">M.H. Hutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Layrisse, Z" uniqKey="Layrisse Z">Z. Layrisse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petz Erler, M L" uniqKey="Petz Erler M">M.L. Petz-Erler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsuneto, L T" uniqKey="Tsuneto L">L.T. Tsuneto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, K" uniqKey="Hill K">K. Hill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brehm, A" uniqKey="Brehm A">A. Brehm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, L" uniqKey="Pereira L">L. Pereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, T" uniqKey="Kivisild T">T. Kivisild</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, A" uniqKey="Amorim A">A. Amorim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Callegari Jacques, S M" uniqKey="Callegari Jacques S">S.M. Callegari-Jacques</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grattapaglia, D" uniqKey="Grattapaglia D">D. Grattapaglia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salamoni, S P" uniqKey="Salamoni S">S.P. Salamoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crossetti, S G" uniqKey="Crossetti S">S.G. Crossetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, M E" uniqKey="Ferreira M">M.E. Ferreira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutz, M H" uniqKey="Hutz M">M.H. Hutz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Capelli, C" uniqKey="Capelli C">C. Capelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brisighelli, F" uniqKey="Brisighelli F">F. Brisighelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scarnicci, F" uniqKey="Scarnicci F">F. Scarnicci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arredi, B" uniqKey="Arredi B">B. Arredi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caglia, A" uniqKey="Caglia A">A. Caglia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vetrugno, G" uniqKey="Vetrugno G">G. Vetrugno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tofanelli, S" uniqKey="Tofanelli S">S. Tofanelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Onofri, V" uniqKey="Onofri V">V. Onofri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tagliabracci, A" uniqKey="Tagliabracci A">A. Tagliabracci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paoli, G" uniqKey="Paoli G">G. Paoli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Capelli, C" uniqKey="Capelli C">C. Capelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Redhead, N" uniqKey="Redhead N">N. Redhead</name></author><author><name sortKey="Romano, V" uniqKey="Romano V">V. Romano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cali, F" uniqKey="Cali F">F. Cali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lefranc, G" uniqKey="Lefranc G">G. Lefranc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delaque, V" uniqKey="Delaque V">V. Delaque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Megarbane, A" uniqKey="Megarbane A">A. Megarbane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Felice, A E" uniqKey="Felice A">A.E. Felice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pascali, V L" uniqKey="Pascali V">V.L. Pascali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neophytou, P I" uniqKey="Neophytou P">P.I. Neophytou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carvalho Silva, D R" uniqKey="Carvalho Silva D">D.R. Carvalho-Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, F R" uniqKey="Santos F">F.R. Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rocha, J" uniqKey="Rocha J">J. Rocha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, S D" uniqKey="Pena S">S.D. Pena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coia, V" uniqKey="Coia V">V. Coia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Destro Bisol, G" uniqKey="Destro Bisol G">G. Destro-Bisol</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verginelli, F" uniqKey="Verginelli F">F. Verginelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Battaggia, C" uniqKey="Battaggia C">C. Battaggia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boschi, I" uniqKey="Boschi I">I. Boschi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cruciani, F" uniqKey="Cruciani F">F. Cruciani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spedini, G" uniqKey="Spedini G">G. Spedini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, D" uniqKey="Comas D">D. Comas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calafell, F" uniqKey="Calafell F">F. Calafell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crespillo, M" uniqKey="Crespillo M">M. Crespillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luque, J A" uniqKey="Luque J">J.A. Luque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paredes, M" uniqKey="Paredes M">M. Paredes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, R" uniqKey="Fernandez R">R. Fernandez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez, E" uniqKey="Ramirez E">E. Ramirez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valverde, J L" uniqKey="Valverde J">J.L. Valverde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Excoffier, L" uniqKey="Excoffier L">L. Excoffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laval, G L" uniqKey="Laval G">G.L. Laval</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, S" uniqKey="Schneider S">S. Schneider</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Flores, C" uniqKey="Flores C">C. Flores</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maca Meyer, N" uniqKey="Maca Meyer N">N. Maca-Meyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez, J A" uniqKey="Perez J">J.A. Perez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, A M" uniqKey="Gonzalez A">A.M. Gonzalez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larruga, J M" uniqKey="Larruga J">J.M. Larruga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cabrera, V M" uniqKey="Cabrera V">V.M. Cabrera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Flores, M" uniqKey="Flores M">M. Flores</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goncalves, R" uniqKey="Goncalves R">R. Gonçalves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freitas, A" uniqKey="Freitas A">A. Freitas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Branco, M" uniqKey="Branco M">M. Branco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosa, A" uniqKey="Rosa A">A. Rosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandes, A T" uniqKey="Fernandes A">A.T. Fernandes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhivotovsky, L A" uniqKey="Zhivotovsky L">L.A. Zhivotovsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Underhill, P A" uniqKey="Underhill P">P.A. Underhill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, T" uniqKey="Kivisild T">T. Kivisild</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brehm, A" uniqKey="Brehm A">A. Brehm</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goncalves, V F" uniqKey="Goncalves V">V.F. Gonçalves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prosdocimi, F" uniqKey="Prosdocimi F">F. Prosdocimi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, L S" uniqKey="Santos L">L.S. Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ortega, J M" uniqKey="Ortega J">J.M. Ortega</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, S D J" uniqKey="Pena S">S.D.J. Pena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goncalves, V F" uniqKey="Goncalves V">V.F. Gonçalves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, C M" uniqKey="Carvalho C">C.M. Carvalho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bydlowski, S P" uniqKey="Bydlowski S">S.P. Bydlowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, S D" uniqKey="Pena S">S.D. Pena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hall, T A" uniqKey="Hall T">T.A. Hall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hammer, M F" uniqKey="Hammer M">M.F. Hammer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horai, S" uniqKey="Horai S">S. Horai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hunemeier, T" uniqKey="Hunemeier T">T. Hünemeier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, C" uniqKey="Carvalho C">C. Carvalho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marrero, A R" uniqKey="Marrero A">A.R. Marrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, S D J" uniqKey="Pena S">S.D.J. Pena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hurles, M E" uniqKey="Hurles M">M.E. Hurles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veitia, R" uniqKey="Veitia R">R. Veitia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, E" uniqKey="Arroyo E">E. Arroyo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armenteros, M" uniqKey="Armenteros M">M. Armenteros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertranpetit, J" uniqKey="Bertranpetit J">J. Bertranpetit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Lezaun, A" uniqKey="Perez Lezaun A">A. Pérez-Lezaun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, E" uniqKey="Bosch E">E. Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shlumukova, M" uniqKey="Shlumukova M">M. Shlumukova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cambon Thomsen, A" uniqKey="Cambon Thomsen A">A. Cambon-Thomsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcelreavey, K" uniqKey="Mcelreavey K">K. Mcelreavey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jackson, B A" uniqKey="Jackson B">B.A. Jackson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, J L" uniqKey="Wilson J">J.L. Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirbah, S" uniqKey="Kirbah S">S. Kirbah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidney, S S" uniqKey="Sidney S">S.S. Sidney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenberg, J" uniqKey="Rosenberg J">J. Rosenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bassie, N" uniqKey="Bassie N">N. Bassie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alie, J A" uniqKey="Alie J">J.A. Alie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mclean, D C" uniqKey="Mclean D">D.C. McLean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garvey, W T" uniqKey="Garvey W">W.T. Garvey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ely, B" uniqKey="Ely B">B. Ely</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jobling, M A" uniqKey="Jobling M">M.A. Jobling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tyler Smith, C" uniqKey="Tyler Smith C">C. Tyler-Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kayser, M" uniqKey="Kayser M">M. Kayser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lao, O" uniqKey="Lao O">O. Lao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anslinger, K" uniqKey="Anslinger K">K. Anslinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Augustin, C" uniqKey="Augustin C">C. Augustin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barge, L G" uniqKey="Barge L">L.G. Barge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edelmann, J" uniqKey="Edelmann J">J. Edelmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elias, S" uniqKey="Elias S">S. Elias</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heinrich, M" uniqKey="Heinrich M">M. Heinrich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henke, J" uniqKey="Henke J">J. Henke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henke, L" uniqKey="Henke L">L. Henke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, T" uniqKey="Kivisild T">T. Kivisild</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tolk, H V" uniqKey="Tolk H">H.V. Tolk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parik, J" uniqKey="Parik J">J. Parik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papiha, S S" uniqKey="Papiha S">S.S. Papiha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bandelt, H J" uniqKey="Bandelt H">H.J. Bandelt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goncalves, V F" uniqKey="Goncalves V">V.F. Gonçalves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prosdocimi, F" uniqKey="Prosdocimi F">F. Prosdocimi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, L S" uniqKey="Santos L">L.S. Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ortega, J M" uniqKey="Ortega J">J.M. Ortega</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lahiri, D K" uniqKey="Lahiri D">D.K. Lahiri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nurnberger, J I" uniqKey="Nurnberger J">J.I. Nurnberger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laytano, D" uniqKey="Laytano D">D. Laytano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marrero, A R" uniqKey="Marrero A">A.R. Marrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leite, F P N" uniqKey="Leite F">F.P.N. Leite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, B A" uniqKey="Carvalho B">B.A. Carvalho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peres, L M" uniqKey="Peres L">L.M. Peres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kommers, T C" uniqKey="Kommers T">T.C. Kommers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, I M" uniqKey="Cruz I">I.M. Cruz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Linares, A R" uniqKey="Linares A">A.R. Linares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, W A" uniqKey="Silva W">W.A. Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marrero, A R" uniqKey="Marrero A">A.R. Marrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bravi, C" uniqKey="Bravi C">C. Bravi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stuart, S" uniqKey="Stuart S">S. Stuart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Long, J C" uniqKey="Long J">J.C. Long</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leite, F P N" uniqKey="Leite F">F.P.N. Leite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kommers, T" uniqKey="Kommers T">T. Kommers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, C M B" uniqKey="Carvalho C">C.M.B. Carvalho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, S D J" uniqKey="Pena S">S.D.J. Pena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Linares, A" uniqKey="Ruiz Linares A">A. Ruiz-Linares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marrero, A R" uniqKey="Marrero A">A.R. Marrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva Junior, W A" uniqKey="Silva Junior W">W.A. Silva-Junior</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bravi, C M" uniqKey="Bravi C">C.M. Bravi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutz, M H" uniqKey="Hutz M">M.H. Hutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petzl Erler, M L" uniqKey="Petzl Erler M">M.L. Petzl-Erler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Linares, A" uniqKey="Ruiz Linares A">A. Ruiz-Linares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mattoso, K M Q" uniqKey="Mattoso K">K.M.Q. Mattoso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mogentale Profizi, N" uniqKey="Mogentale Profizi N">N. Mogentale-Profizi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chollet, L" uniqKey="Chollet L">L. Chollet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevanovitch, A" uniqKey="Stevanovitch A">A. Stevanovitch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dubut, V" uniqKey="Dubut V">V. Dubut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poggi, C" uniqKey="Poggi C">C. Poggi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pradie, M P" uniqKey="Pradie M">M.P. Pradie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spadoni, J L" uniqKey="Spadoni J">J.L. Spadoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilles, A" uniqKey="Gilles A">A. Gilles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beraud Colomb, E" uniqKey="Beraud Colomb E">E. Beraud-Colomb</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Montiel, R" uniqKey="Montiel R">R. Montiel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bettencourt, C" uniqKey="Bettencourt C">C. Bettencourt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, C" uniqKey="Silva C">C. Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, C" uniqKey="Santos C">C. Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prata, M J" uniqKey="Prata M">M.J. Prata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lima, M" uniqKey="Lima M">M. Lima</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Noelli, F S" uniqKey="Noelli F">F.S. Noelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, S A" uniqKey="Silva S">S.A. Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vietta, K" uniqKey="Vietta K">K. Vietta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tocchetto, F B" uniqKey="Tocchetto F">F.B. Tocchetto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cappelletti, A" uniqKey="Cappelletti A">A. Cappelletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Da Costa, J F G" uniqKey="Da Costa J">J.F.G. Da Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soares, A L R" uniqKey="Soares A">A.L.R. Soares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marques, K J" uniqKey="Marques K">K.J. Marques</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Noguer L, L P F" uniqKey="Noguer L L">L.P.F. Nogueról</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parra, F C" uniqKey="Parra F">F.C. Parra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amado, R C" uniqKey="Amado R">R.C. Amado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lambertucci, J R" uniqKey="Lambertucci J">J.R. Lambertucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rocha, J" uniqKey="Rocha J">J. Rocha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antunes, C M" uniqKey="Antunes C">C.M. Antunes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, S D" uniqKey="Pena S">S.D. Pena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pereira, L" uniqKey="Pereira L">L. Pereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prata, M J" uniqKey="Prata M">M.J. Prata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, A" uniqKey="Amorim A">A. Amorim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pichler, I" uniqKey="Pichler I">I. Pichler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, J C" uniqKey="Mueller J">J.C. Mueller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stefanov, S A" uniqKey="Stefanov S">S.A. Stefanov</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Grandi, A" uniqKey="De Grandi A">A. De Grandi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Volpato, C B" uniqKey="Volpato C">C.B. Volpato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinggera, G K" uniqKey="Pinggera G">G.K. Pinggera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayr, A" uniqKey="Mayr A">A. Mayr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogriseg, M" uniqKey="Ogriseg M">M. Ogriseg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ploner, F" uniqKey="Ploner F">F. Ploner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, T" uniqKey="Meitinger T">T. Meitinger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Picornell, A" uniqKey="Picornell A">A. Picornell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez Barbeito, L" uniqKey="Gomez Barbeito L">L. Gomez-Barbeito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomas, C" uniqKey="Tomas C">C. Tomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castro, J A" uniqKey="Castro J">J.A. Castro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramon, M M" uniqKey="Ramon M">M.M. Ramon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plaza, S" uniqKey="Plaza S">S. Plaza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salas, A" uniqKey="Salas A">A. Salas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calafell, F" uniqKey="Calafell F">F. Calafell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corte Real, F" uniqKey="Corte Real F">F. Corte-Real</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertranpetit, J" uniqKey="Bertranpetit J">J. Bertranpetit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carracedo, A" uniqKey="Carracedo A">A. Carracedo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, D" uniqKey="Comas D">D. Comas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ploski, R" uniqKey="Ploski R">R. Ploski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Poetsch, M" uniqKey="Poetsch M">M. Poetsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wittig, H" uniqKey="Wittig H">H. Wittig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, D" uniqKey="Krause D">D. Krause</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lignitz, E" uniqKey="Lignitz E">E. Lignitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro Dos Santos, A K" uniqKey="Ribeiro Dos Santos A">A.K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, B M" uniqKey="Carvalho B">B.M. Carvalho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feio Dos Santos, A C" uniqKey="Feio Dos Santos A">A.C. Feio-dos-Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, S E B" uniqKey="Santos S">S.E.B. Santos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosa, A" uniqKey="Rosa A">A. Rosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brehm, A" uniqKey="Brehm A">A. Brehm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, T" uniqKey="Kivisild T">T. Kivisild</name></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, E" uniqKey="Metspalu E">E. Metspalu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villems, R" uniqKey="Villems R">R. Villems</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosser, Z H" uniqKey="Rosser Z">Z.H. Rosser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zerjal, T" uniqKey="Zerjal T">T. Zerjal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hurles, M E" uniqKey="Hurles M">M.E. Hurles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adojaan, M" uniqKey="Adojaan M">M. Adojaan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alavantic, D" uniqKey="Alavantic D">D. Alavantic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, A" uniqKey="Amorim A">A. Amorim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amos, W" uniqKey="Amos W">W. Amos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armenteros, M" uniqKey="Armenteros M">M. Armenteros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, E" uniqKey="Arroyo E">E. Arroyo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barbujani, G" uniqKey="Barbujani G">G. Barbujani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salas, A" uniqKey="Salas A">A. Salas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, M" uniqKey="Richards M">M. Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="De La Fe, T" uniqKey="De La Fe T">T. De la Fe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lareu, M V" uniqKey="Lareu M">M.V. Lareu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sobrino, B" uniqKey="Sobrino B">B. Sobrino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Diz, P" uniqKey="Sanchez Diz P">P. Sanchez-Diz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macaulay, V" uniqKey="Macaulay V">V. Macaulay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carracedo, A" uniqKey="Carracedo A">A. Carracedo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salas, A" uniqKey="Salas A">A. Salas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, M" uniqKey="Richards M">M. Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lareu, M V" uniqKey="Lareu M">M.V. Lareu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scozzari, R" uniqKey="Scozzari R">R. Scozzari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coppa, A" uniqKey="Coppa A">A. Coppa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Torroni, A" uniqKey="Torroni A">A. Torroni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macaulay, V" uniqKey="Macaulay V">V. Macaulay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carracedo, A" uniqKey="Carracedo A">A. Carracedo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salzano, F M" uniqKey="Salzano F">F.M. Salzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schneider, S" uniqKey="Schneider S">S. Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roessli, D" uniqKey="Roessli D">D. Roessli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Excoffier, L" uniqKey="Excoffier L">L. Excoffier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Silva, D A" uniqKey="Silva D">D.A. Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, E" uniqKey="Carvalho E">E. Carvalho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, G" uniqKey="Costa G">G. Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tavares, L" uniqKey="Tavares L">L. Tavares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, A" uniqKey="Amorim A">A. Amorim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gusmao, L" uniqKey="Gusmao L">L. Gusmão</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Silva Junior, W A" uniqKey="Silva Junior W">W.A. Silva-Junior</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bortolini, M C" uniqKey="Bortolini M">M.C. Bortolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, M P C" uniqKey="Schneider M">M.P.C. Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marrero, A" uniqKey="Marrero A">A. Marrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elion, J" uniqKey="Elion J">J. Elion</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnamoorthy, R" uniqKey="Krishnamoorthy R">R. Krishnamoorthy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zago, M A" uniqKey="Zago M">M.A. Zago</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, M G" uniqKey="Thomas M">M.G. Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradman, N" uniqKey="Bradman N">N. Bradman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flinn, H M" uniqKey="Flinn H">H.M. Flinn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Torroni, A" uniqKey="Torroni A">A. Torroni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Achilli, A" uniqKey="Achilli A">A. Achilli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macaulay, V" uniqKey="Macaulay V">V. Macaulay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, M" uniqKey="Richards M">M. Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bandelt, H J" uniqKey="Bandelt H">H.J. Bandelt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Underhill, P" uniqKey="Underhill P">P. Underhill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jin, L" uniqKey="Jin L">L. Jin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zemans, R" uniqKey="Zemans R">R. Zemans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oefner, P J" uniqKey="Oefner P">P.J. Oefner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cavalli Sforza, L L" uniqKey="Cavalli Sforza L">L.L. Cavalli-Sforza</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Underhill, P A" uniqKey="Underhill P">P.A. Underhill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Passarino, G" uniqKey="Passarino G">G. Passarino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, A A" uniqKey="Lin A">A.A. Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, P" uniqKey="Shen P">P. Shen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mirazon, Lahr M" uniqKey="Mirazon L">Lahr M. Mirazon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oefner, P J" uniqKey="Oefner P">P.J. Oefner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foley, R A" uniqKey="Foley R">R.A. Foley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cavalli Sforza, L L" uniqKey="Cavalli Sforza L">L.L. Cavalli-Sforza</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Villems, R" uniqKey="Villems R">R. Villems</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yao, Y G" uniqKey="Yao Y">Y.G. Yao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bravi, C M" uniqKey="Bravi C">C.M. Bravi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bandelt, H J" uniqKey="Bandelt H">H.-.J. Bandelt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zembrzuski, V M" uniqKey="Zembrzuski V">V.M. Zembrzuski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Callegari Jacques, S M" uniqKey="Callegari Jacques S">S.M. Callegari-Jacques</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutz, M H" uniqKey="Hutz M">M.H. Hutz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Genet Mol Biol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">GMB</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Genetics and Molecular Biology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1415-4757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1678-4685</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Genética</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21637639</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3032968</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1415-47572009005000001</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Human and Medical Genetics</subject><subj-group><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Genetic signatures of parental contribution in black and white populations in Brazil</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Historical genetics in Brazil</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no"><name><surname>Guerreiro-Junior</surname><given-names>Vanderlei</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no"><name><surname>Bisso-Machado</surname><given-names>Rafael</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no"><name><surname>Marrero</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no"><name><surname>Hünemeier</surname><given-names>Tábita</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no"><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>Francisco M.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>Maria Cátira</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS</institution><country>Brazil</country></aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN990">Send correspondence to Maria Cátira Bortolini. Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. E-mail: <email>maria.bortolini@ufrgs.br</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jan-Mar</season><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>1</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>1</month><year>2008</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>5</month><year>2008</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2009, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Two hundred and three individuals classified as white were tested for 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms plus two insertion/deletions in their Y-chromosomes. A subset of these individuals (n = 172) was also screened for sequences in the first hypervariable segment of their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In addition, complementary studies were done for 11 of the 13 markers indicated above in 54 of 107 black subjects previously investigated in this southern Brazilian population. The prevalence of Y-chromosome haplogroups among whites was similar to that found in the Azores (Portugal) or Spain, but not to that of other European countries. About half of the European or African mtDNA haplogroups of these individuals were related to their places of origin, but not their Amerindian counterparts. Persons classified in these two categories of skin color and related morphological traits showed distinct genomic ancestries through the country. These findings emphasize the need to consider in Brazil, despite some general trends, a notable heterogeneity in the pattern of admixture dynamics within and between populations/groups.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd> admixture dynamics</kwd><kwd>mtDNA</kwd><kwd>Y-chromosome markers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="" id="ns1"><title>Introduction</title><p>The great maritime expeditions and colonial expansion by Europeans during the 15<sup>th</sup> and 16<sup>th</sup> centuries considerably changed their history and those of the colonized peoples. The cultural impact of colonization has been known for a long time, but only more recently have its genetic aspects have been investigated. Genetic studies of Brazilian populations have shown, for example, that the extent of admixture among Europeans, Africans and Native Americans is higher than perceived by phenotypic characteristics, and that marriages during the Colonial Era were mainly asymmetric, with most of the Y-chromosomes present in contemporary white Brazilian populations being of European origin, but a significant portion of the mtDNA lineages being of Amerindian or African origin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Alves-Silvaetal2000">Alves-Silva <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Carvalho-Silvaetal2001">Carvalho-Silva <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>). However, marked regional differences have been reported for white Brazilian populations, indicating that there can be considerable variation in the general trends (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Callegari-Jacquesetal2003">Callegari-Jacques <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2005">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2007a">2007a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Zembrzuskietal2006">Zembrzuski <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). DNA studies with urban black populations have been less common but have also identified important regional differences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Bortolinietal1999">Bortolini <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Goncalvesetal2008">Gonçalves <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>).</p><p>In this work, we investigated the genetic background of people classified as white or black living in the same city (Porto Alegre, the capital of the southernmost state of Brazil). Our results reveal details about the history of Porto Alegres human population and indicate the extent of genetic admixture, as well as the nature of this process within and between these two major color groups in Brazils four distinct geographical regions. These findings also show how it is possible to discover details of the ancestral history of a contemporary population based on its current genetic characteristics.</p></sec><sec sec-type="" id="ns1.1"><title>Subjects and Methods </title><sec id="ns1.2"><title>Population samples and DNA extraction</title><p>The history of Porto Alegre (30°5' S, 5°10' W), the capital of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, dates from 1730 when Jerônimo de Ornellas, an immigrant from Madeira Island, received a large plot of land (<italic>sesmaria</italic>) in this area from the Portuguese crown. The little village that was subsequently formed showed significant population growth only after the arrival of ~500 couples from the Azores archipelago (another Portuguese colony), from 1752 to 1754 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Flores1996">Flores, 1996</xref>). The importance of the Azorian migration to Rio Grande do Sul, especially Porto Alegre, is illustrated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Laytano1974">Laytano (1974)</xref>, who stated that in 1780 about 55% of the 18,000 inhabitants of the town were Azorian or of Azorian-descendent. The pre-Columbian inhabitants, the Guarani Indians, were displaced, although in other regions of the state they, as well as other natives, were still present (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Noellietal1997">Noelli <italic>et al.</italic>, 1997</xref>). Subsequent waves of European migration, especially from Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany, contributed to the growth of Porto Alegre and nearby cities. The presence of African slaves is also mentioned in historical records (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Noguerol2005">Nogueról, 2005</xref>), although their proportion relative to the total population is unknown. Currently, the urban complex formed by the capital and neighboring cities has 3,152,596 inhabitants, 7% and 88% of whom are classified as blacks (<italic>pretos</italic>, in Portuguese) and whites (<italic>brancos</italic>), respectively (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics-IBGE, 2000). In Brazil, skin color rather than ancestry is used to define an equivalent to “race”, and in the present study the word “black” will be used to refer to <italic>pretos</italic> and any person identified and/or self-identified with some other term that suggests African ancestry, such as <italic>mulato</italic> or <italic>pardo.</italic> “White” will be used to define those who, based on their physical traits and information, show no admixture with non-Europeans.</p><p>Two hundred and three unrelated individuals living in Porto Alegre and its metropolitan region, phenotypically classified as white by the interviewer of the research group, were studied. DNA was extracted from whole blood according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="LahiriandNurnberger1991">Lahiri and Nurnberger (1991)</xref> or from saliva using QIAamp® kits (QIAGEN), according to the manufacturer's instructions. This investigation was approved by the Brazilian National Ethics Commission (CONEP Resolution no. 1333/2002).</p></sec><sec id="ns1.3"><title>Y- chromosome markers</title><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref> recently presented and discussed the African portion of the Y-chromosomes and mtDNA lineages of a sample of 107 blacks from the same city. Here, we investigated additional Y-chromosome polymorphisms (see below) to characterize the non-African portion of the Y-chromosomes of this sample, and also considered the mtDNA lineages classified as Amerindian or European. This procedure standardized the set of uniparental markers investigated in the two samples, thereby allowing comparative analyses.</p><p>Two hundred and three white men were genotyped for 13 binary loci (11 single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs: 92R7, M3, M242, M9, M17, M170, M173, M213, M269, SRY2627, M2, and two insertion/deletions, Yap <italic>ALU</italic> and 12f2) located in the non-recombinant region of the Y-chromosome (NRY). These markers define well the most common and widespread African, European and Native American Y-chromosomes. Genotyping was done according to the hierarchical order of markers presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="JoblingandTyler-Smith2003">Jobling and Tyler-Smith (2003)</xref> using the primers and conditions described in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="HammerandHorai1995">Hammer and Horai (1995)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Underhilletal1996">Underhill <italic>et al.</italic> (1996</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Underhilletal2001">2001</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hurlesetal1999">Hurles <italic>et al.</italic> (1999)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Thomasetal1999">Thomas <italic>et al.</italic> (1999)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Rosseretal2000">Rosser <italic>et al.</italic> (2000)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Bortolinietal2003">Bortolini <italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Floresetal2003">Flores <italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Montieletal2005">Montiel <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref>, and Kayser <italic>et al.</italic> (2005). Haplogroups P*(xQ3,R1), Q3*, K(xP), Q*(xQ3), R1a1*(xDE), I*(xP,K,J), R1*(xR1a1,R1b3), F(xI,J,K,P), R1b3*(xR1b3f), R1b3f, E3a*, DE*(E3a) and J* were established using the markers indicated above in the order given. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="JoblingandTyler-Smith2003">Jobling and Tyler-Smith (2003)</xref>, designations such as P*(xQ3, R1) indicate partial typing of markers in a haplogroup and, in the present case, describes all chromosomes in clade P* except Q3* and R1*. We also investigated 11 of the biallelic loci indicated above (92R7, M3, M242, M9, M17, M170, M173, M213, M269, SRY2627 and 12f2) to characterize the non-African portion of the Y-chromosomes in the black sample previously studied by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="ns1.4"><title>Mitochondrial DNA</title><p>The first hypervariable segment (HVS-I) of the mtDNA control region was sequenced in a subset of 172 white individuals using primers and conditions previously described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2005">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref>. The sequence reactions were run in an automated ABI 310 sequencer. Both DNA strands were sequenced from positions 16050 to 16391, since this is the region for which most of the comparative information is available. Individuals with the “C-stretch” between positions 16183-16193, which is caused by the 16189C substitution, were re-sequenced in each direction so that each base was determined twice.</p><p>The sequences were checked manually, and validated by using the CHROMAS LITE 2.0 program. Alignment relative to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Andrewsetal1999">Andrews <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999</xref>) was done using the BIOEDIT software (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hall1999">Hall, 1999</xref>). The filtering procedure described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Bandeltetal2002">Bandelt <italic>et al.</italic> (2002)</xref> was used to check the quality of the sequences and eliminate artifacts introduced during sequencing and editing. After filtering, the relationships between the lineages were examined with the NETWORK 4.2.0.0. program using the median-joining algorithm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Bandeltetal1999">Bandelt <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999</xref>). Weight networks showing star tree patterns, together with other criteria such as those suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Yaoetal2004">Yao <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref>, ensured that the data were essentially free of artifacts. The HVS-I sequences were classified into haplogroups according to recommended criteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Bandeltetal2002">Bandelt <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Salasetal2002">Salas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Salasetal2004">2004</xref>; Kivisild <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Torronietal2006">Torroni <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="ns1.5"><title>Data analysis</title><p>Y-SNP and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies were obtained by counting. Estimates of parental continental contributions in the paternal and maternal data sets were obtained directly since the major haplogroups of mtDNA and Y-SNP are geographically specific. Population relationships were estimated through F<sub>ST</sub> genetic distances using Arlequin version 3.01 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Schneideretal2000">Schneider <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Excoffieretal2005">Excoffier <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>) and their statistical significance was assessed by permutation using 10,000 runs.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="" id="ns2"><title>Results and Discussion</title><sec id="ns2.6"><title>Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphisms (SNPs)</title><p>Based on the Y-chromosome distribution (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), the most frequent haplogroup in Porto Alegre whites was R1b3* (51%), which was also the most common haplogroup found in another Brazilian city (Rio de Janeiro), as well as in the Azores and Portugal. The frequency of this haplogroup was lower (~13%) in Porto Alegre blacks.</p><p>To test the hypothesis of random haplogroup distribution among populations we computed F<sub>ST</sub> values based on the major hierarchical clustering for these analyses. There were no significant differences between Porto Alegre whites and those of the Azores, Portugal or Spain (F<sub>ST</sub> = -0.00162, p = 0.6126; F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.00235, p = 0.1622; F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.00345, p = 0.1261, respectively), although the Porto Alegre white prevalences differ significantly from those of the other European countries considered. The difference between Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro was also significant (F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.0120, p = 0.0090), but when the African (E3a, B*, and DE) and Amerindian (Q* and Q3*) haplogroups are excluded this significance disappeared (F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.0056, p = 0.1441). Surprisingly, the haplogroups of European origin detected in Porto Alegre blacks were significantly different from those found in whites of the same city (F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.1562, p = 0.000), and from those observed in Iberian populations. However, since the number of blacks studied was small (30), it is probable that these differences reflect sampling error rather than any phenomenon of the admixture process. The African portion of the Y-chromosomes of this black sample has been described in detail by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="ns2.7"><title>Mitochondrial DNA</title><p>Multiple alignment with the reference sequence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Andrewsetal1999">Andrews <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999</xref>) allowed the identification of 105 mtDNA lineages in white individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). This table also shows the non-African lineages identified in blacks, as well as those shared by the two samples.</p><p>For 35 of the 69 European lineages (51%), identical matches were found for data in the literature from countries with an important history of migration to Rio Grande do Sul (Portugal/Azores, Spain, Italy, and Germany; data from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Crespilloetal2000">Crespillo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Pereiraetal2000">Pereira <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Mogentale-Profizietal2001">Mogentale-Profizi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Brehmetal2003">Brehm <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Poetschetal2003">Poetsch <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Picornelletal2005">Picornell <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Pichleretal2006">Pichler <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). Most of these haplotypes (25; 71%) perfectly matched more than one of the European populations. Four (lineages #12, #13, #38 and #68), three (#36, #62 and #63), two (#2 and #38), and one (#14) of the haplotypes found in Porto Alegre (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) exclusively matched those found in the Azores, Portugal, Spain, and Italy, respectively. Only two lineages of European origin (#49 and #50) present in Porto Alegre blacks were not observed in whites from the same city or in any of the European populations considered here. As with the Y markers, the mtDNA data also revealed that the Azorian presence in Porto Alegre was clearly detectable regardless of the demographic and cultural changes that occurred after the initial foundation/colonization of the city.</p><p>The same analysis with the 14 lineages of African origin found in the white sample revealed that 57% of them had perfect matches with those found in the regions of slave importation to Brazil (West, West-Central, and Southeast Africa; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Salasetal2002">Salas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Plazaetal2004">Plaza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Rosaetal2004">Rosa <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Belezaetal2005">Beleza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Coiaetal2005">Coia <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Jacksonetal2005">Jackson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). Three lineages (# 103, #104, and #116) exclusively matched those found in Angola, Cabinda, and Mozambique, countries inhabited by peoples who speak Bantu languages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Salasetal2002">Salas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Plazaetal2004">Plaza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Belezaetal2005">Beleza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). Another lineage (#110) was also probably of Bantu origin since it occurs in Mozambique and in the Bassa ethnic group of Cameroon. Lineage #113 matched one found only in Guinea Bissau, whereas # 106 matched another found in Sierra Leone, both of which are West African countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Rosaetal2004">Rosa <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Jacksonetal2005">Jackson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). Two lineages (#108 and #109) had a geographical origin that was difficult to define since they occur in all sub-Saharan Africa. Only four African lineages were shared between the black and white Porto Alegre groups, with all four occurring in Africa and/or other Brazilian populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Salasetal2002">Salas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Plazaetal2004">Plaza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Rosaetal2004">Rosa <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Belezaetal2005">Beleza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Coiaetal2005">Coia <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Jacksonetal2005">Jackson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Goncalvesetal2008">Gonçalves <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>).</p><p>The four major Amerindian haplogroups were detected among Porto Alegre whites (A = 28%; B = 22%, C = 47%, D = 3%), whereas haplogroup A was absent among blacks (B = 19%, C = 69% and D = 12%). Lineage #87 was the most common in both samples. Since this lineage contained the mutations that defined the C nodal branch, it matched several sequences found in admixed populations from southern Brazil, and in individuals from the Tupian and Jêan tribes; these different matches precluded identification of the precise origin of this lineage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Alves-Silvaetal2000">Alves-Silva <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2005">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2007a">2007a</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2007b">b</xref>). On the other hand, the Guarani contribution was clearly detected through the presence of lineages such as #75 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2007b">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007b</xref>). However, most of the Amerindian lineages found in Porto Alegre did not match and/or cluster with Guarani mtDNA sequences. These results support the idea that the present Guarani mitochondrial genome may be a poor representative of that found at colonial times (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2007a">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007a</xref>). This finding also suggests that other tribes may have made a more significant contribution, through their women, to the formation of the contemporary admixed Porto Alegre population.</p></sec><sec id="ns2.8"><title>Ancestral contributions</title><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> summarizes the continental origins of the two Porto Alegre samples based on the mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups. Although there was a significant introduction of non-European mtDNA sequences (Amerindian = 21%; African = 10%) among whites, Europe was still the major contributor in both genetic systems (mtDNA = 69%; Y-chromosome = 99%). This finding supported the general correspondence between physical appearance and maternal or paternal ancestry at the population level. In contrast, a completely different picture emerged when the black group was considered. Most of the mtDNA sequences (79%) had an African origin, but 56% of the Y-chromosomes were of European origin, while the Amerindian contribution involved both paternal and maternal inheritance.</p><p>These results for the black group can be partly explained by the fact that <italic>mulatos</italic> and <italic>pardos</italic>, who showed visible signs of admixture, were included in this sample. However, history and the dynamics of admixture could also have played an important role. In the early centuries of colonization, almost only European men migrated to Brazil, and for different reasons, African males were brought preferentially to Brazil during the slave trade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Mattoso1982">Mattoso, 1982</xref>). This initial demographic asymmetry, and compulsory restrictions to the African male slaves reproduction, determined that the first Brazilians were born mostly from the union between European males and Amerindian or African females. Later, social practices determined that a child with more pronounced physical African features would be considered black, while those with more pronounced European features would be considered white. This situation created ample opportunity for the introduction of African mtDNA lineages and European Y-chromosomes into the white and black segments, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Parraetal2003">Parra <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Goncalvesetal2007">Gonçalves <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>). A second major European migratory movement during the 19<sup>th</sup> century that was particularly important for southern Brazil involved couples and families, not just males. This migration resulted in many white persons/populations with complete European genomes, whereas others are phenotypically white but show non-European admixture signs at the genome level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2005">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Zembrzuskietal2006">Zembrzuski <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>).</p><p>To investigate whether these differences between the two skin color groups were peculiar to Porto Alegre or whether they represented a more general tendency, we compiled the literature data for all of the estimates of African, European and Amerindian contributions in black and white Brazilian populations from different geographical regions. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows that the pattern described above occurs throughout southern Brazil, but not in other regions of the country. In blacks from the Southeast, for example, the African component predominates in both paternal and maternal data sets, whereas among whites in this region the European contribution is particularly frequent when only Y chromosome markers are considered. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> also show that the whites from the North and South present large differences, basically related to the Amerindian and European women contribution; the extensive admixture between Indians and non-Indians ended in southern Brazil at least 170 years ago, whereas in northern Brazil, especially in the Amazon basin, Amerindian genes are still being introduced into non-native urban and rural populations. The results of these discontinuous <italic>vs.</italic> continuous patterns of gene flow can be seen by comparing the mtDNA results mentioned above with the biparental loci admixture values (21% <italic>vs.</italic> 54% and 13% <italic>vs.</italic> 44% for the Amerindian component in white samples from the South and North, respectively). In contrast, groups or populations identified as white in the Northeast and Southeast had very similar proportions of Amerindian, European and African ancestries in all of the genetic systems investigated. Since European colonization started almost simultaneously in the Northeast and Southeast, this similarity suggests that the dynamics of admixture were similar in both regions.</p><p>These striking differences between and within the skin color groups in Brazilian regions can be due to several factors, and some can be the same as those presented for the Porto Alegre case. The type of classification employed to classify the samples in the different studies is also important. Both self and interviewer classifications are full of subjectivities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini, 2002</xref>). Distinct admixture dynamics due to historical events and social practices should also be considered. Overall, our results corroborate the idea that, despite some general trends, there is a notable heterogeneity in the pattern of admixture within and among populations/groups in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Bortolinietal1999">Bortolini <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Alves-Silvaetal2000">Alves-Silva <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2005">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). Our findings also highlight the intricacies of past and present patterns of mating in a complex society with a relatively recent multiethnic origin, and the relative instability of phenotypic classifications within this society.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>This work was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (PROPESQ-UFRGS), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and by the Institutos do Milênio and Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência programs. We thank the 203 volunteers who provided blood and saliva samples that made this study possible. M.H. Hutz and E. Bandinelli donated some samples, and S.D.J. Pena and J.C. Long provided comments and suggestions on the manuscript.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="n1" fn-type="edited-by"><p>Associate Editor: Paulo A. Otto</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="Abe-Sandesetal2004"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abe-Sandes</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>W.</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Zago</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2004</year><article-title>Heterogeneity of the Y chromosome in Afro-Brazilian populations</article-title><source>Hum Biol</source><volume>76</volume><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15222681</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Alves-Silvaetal2000"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alves-Silva</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>M.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guimarães</surname><given-names>P.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>A.C.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bandelt</surname><given-names>H.-.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pena</surname><given-names>S.D.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prado</surname><given-names>V.F.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2000</year><article-title>The ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA lineages</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>67</volume><fpage>444</fpage><lpage>461</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10873790</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Andrewsetal1999"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Andrews</surname><given-names>R.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kubacka</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chinnery</surname><given-names>P.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lightowlers</surname><given-names>R.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Turnbull</surname><given-names>D.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Howell</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1999</year><article-title>Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA</article-title><source>Nat Genet</source><volume>23</volume><fpage>147</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10508508</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Bandeltetal1999"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bandelt</surname><given-names>H.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Forster</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rohl</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1999</year><article-title>Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies</article-title><source>Mol Biol Evol</source><volume>16</volume><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10331250</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Bandeltetal2002"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bandelt</surname><given-names>H.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Quintana-Murci</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salas</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Macaulay</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2002</year><article-title>The fingerprint of phantom mutations in mitochondrial DNA data</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>71</volume><fpage>1150</fpage><lpage>1160</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12384858</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Belezaetal2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Beleza</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gusmão</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amorim</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carracedo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salas</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations</article-title><source>Hum Genet</source><volume>117</volume><fpage>366</fpage><lpage>375</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15928903</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Belezaetal2006"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Beleza</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gusmão</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lopes</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alves</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gomes</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Giouzeli</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Calafell</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carracedo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amorim</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2006</year><article-title>Micro-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>70</volume><fpage>181</fpage><lpage>194</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16626329</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Bortolinietal1997"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zago</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Siva</surname><given-names>W.A.</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Bonatto</surname><given-names>W.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weimer</surname><given-names>T.A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1997</year><article-title>Evolutionary and anthropological implications of mitochondrial DNA variation in African Brazilian populations</article-title><source>Hum Biol</source><volume>69</volume><fpage>141</fpage><lpage>159</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9057341</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Bortolinietal1999"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>W.A.</given-names><suffix>Junior</suffix></name><name><surname>Castro-de-Guerra</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Remonatto</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mirandola</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hutz</surname><given-names>M.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weimer</surname><given-names>T.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zago</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1999</year><article-title>African-derived South American populations: A history of symmetrical and asymmetrical matings according to sex revealed by bi and uniparental genetic markers</article-title><source>Am J Hum Biol</source><volume>11</volume><fpage>551</fpage><lpage>563</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11533975</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Bortolinietal2003"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>M.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nasanem</surname><given-names>S.P.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bau</surname><given-names>C.H.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hutz</surname><given-names>M.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Layrisse</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Petz-Erler</surname><given-names>M.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsuneto</surname><given-names>L.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hill</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2003</year><article-title>Y chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>73</volume><fpage>524</fpage><lpage>539</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12900798</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Brehmetal2003"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brehm</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kivisild</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amorim</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2003</year><article-title>Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Acores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers</article-title><source>Hum Genet</source><volume>114</volume><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14513360</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Callegari-Jacquesetal2003"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Callegari-Jacques</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grattapaglia</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salamoni</surname><given-names>S.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Crossetti</surname><given-names>S.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>M.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hutz</surname><given-names>M.H.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2003</year><article-title>Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population</article-title><source>Am J Hum Biol</source><volume>15</volume><fpage>824</fpage><lpage>834</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14595874</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Capellietal2007"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Capelli</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brisighelli</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Scarnicci</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arredi</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Caglia</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vetrugno</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tofanelli</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Onofri</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tagliabracci</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Paoli</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2007</year><article-title>Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter</article-title><source>Mol Phylogenet Evol</source><volume>44</volume><fpage>228</fpage><lpage>239</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17275346</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Capellietal2006"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Capelli</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Redhead</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Romano</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cali</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lefranc</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Delaque</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Megarbane</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Felice</surname><given-names>A.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pascali</surname><given-names>V.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Neophytou</surname><given-names>P.I.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2006</year><article-title>Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: A Y chromosome perpective</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>70</volume><fpage>207</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16626331</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Carvalho-Silvaetal2001"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carvalho-Silva</surname><given-names>D.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>F.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pena</surname><given-names>S.D.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2001</year><article-title>The phylogeography of Brazilian Y-chromosome lineages</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>68</volume><fpage>281</fpage><lpage>286</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11090340</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Coiaetal2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Coia</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Destro-Bisol</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Verginelli</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Battaggia</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boschi</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cruciani</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Spedini</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Comas</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Calafell</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>mtDNA variation in North Cameroon: Lack of Asian lineages and implications for back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><volume>128</volume><fpage>678</fpage><lpage>681</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15895434</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Crespilloetal2000"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Crespillo</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luque</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Paredes</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fernandez</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramirez</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Valverde</surname><given-names>J.L.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2000</year><article-title>Mitochondrial DNA sequences for 118 individuals from northeastern Spain</article-title><source>Int J Legal Med</source><volume>114</volume><fpage>130</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11197620</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Excoffieretal2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Excoffier</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Laval</surname><given-names>G.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Arlequin v. 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis</article-title><source>Evol Bioinform Online</source><volume>1</volume><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19325852</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Floresetal2003"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Flores</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maca-Meyer</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Perez</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gonzalez</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Larruga</surname><given-names>J.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cabrera</surname><given-names>V.M.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2003</year><article-title>A predominant European ancestry of paternal lineages from Canary Islanders</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>67</volume><fpage>138</fpage><lpage>152</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12675689</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Flores1996"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Flores</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1996</year><source>História do Rio Grande do Sul</source><publisher-loc>Porto Alegre</publisher-loc><edition>5th edition</edition><publisher-name>Nova Dimensão</publisher-name><size units="page"></size></element-citation></ref><ref id="Goncalvesetal2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Freitas</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Branco</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosa</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fernandes</surname><given-names>A.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhivotovsky</surname><given-names>L.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Underhill</surname><given-names>P.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kivisild</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brehm</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>69</volume><fpage>443</fpage><lpage>454</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15996172</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Goncalvesetal2007"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>V.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prosdocimi</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>L.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ortega</surname><given-names>J.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pena</surname><given-names>S.D.J.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2007</year><article-title>Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians</article-title><source>Genet Mol Res</source><volume>6</volume><fpage>256</fpage><lpage>261</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17573655</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Goncalvesetal2008"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>V.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>C.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bydlowski</surname><given-names>S.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pena</surname><given-names>S.D.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2008</year><article-title>The phylogeography of African Brazilians</article-title><source>Hum Hered</source><volume>65</volume><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17652961</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Hall1999"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>T.A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1999</year><article-title>BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT</article-title><source>Nucleic Acids Symp Ser</source><volume>41</volume><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>98</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="HammerandHorai1995"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hammer</surname><given-names>M.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Horai</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1995</year><article-title>Y chromosomal DNA variation and the peopling of Japan</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>56</volume><fpage>951</fpage><lpage>962</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7717406</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Hunemeieretal2007"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hünemeier</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marrero</surname><given-names>A.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pena</surname><given-names>S.D.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2007</year><article-title>Niger-Congo speaking populations and the formation of the Brazilian gene pool: mtDNA and Y-chromosome data</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><volume>133</volume><fpage>854</fpage><lpage>867</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17427922</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Hurlesetal1999"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hurles</surname><given-names>M.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Veitia</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arroyo</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Armenteros</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertranpetit</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pérez-Lezaun</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bosch</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shlumukova</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cambon-Thomsen</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mcelreavey</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>1999</year><article-title>Recent male mediated gene flow over a linguistic barrier in Iberia, suggested by analyses of a Y-chromosomal DNA polymorphism</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>65</volume><fpage>1437</fpage><lpage>1448</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10521311</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Jacksonetal2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jackson</surname><given-names>B.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>J.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirbah</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sidney</surname><given-names>S.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosenberg</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bassie</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alie</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>McLean</surname><given-names>D.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Garvey</surname><given-names>W.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ely</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity among four ethnic groups in Sierra Leone</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><volume>128</volume><fpage>156</fpage><lpage>163</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15761855</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="JoblingandTyler-Smith2003"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jobling</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tyler-Smith</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2003</year><article-title>The human Y chromosome: An evolutionary marker comes of age</article-title><source>Nat Rev Genet</source><volume>4</volume><fpage>598</fpage><lpage>612</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12897772</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Kayseretal2007"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kayser</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lao</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Anslinger</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Augustin</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Barge</surname><given-names>L.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Edelmann</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Elias</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Heinrich</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Henke</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Henke</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2007</year><article-title>Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians</article-title><source>Genet Mol Res</source><volume>6</volume><fpage>256</fpage><lpage>261</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17573655</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Kivisildetal2007"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kivisild</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tolk</surname><given-names>H.V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Parik</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Papiha</surname><given-names>S.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bandelt</surname><given-names>H.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>V.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prosdocimi</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>L.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ortega</surname><given-names>J.M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2007</year><article-title>Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians</article-title><source>Genet Mol Res</source><volume>6</volume><fpage>256</fpage><lpage>261</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17573655</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="LahiriandNurnberger1991"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lahiri</surname><given-names>D.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nurnberger</surname><given-names>J.I.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1991</year><article-title>A rapid non-enzymatic method for preparation of HMW DNA from blood for RFLP studies</article-title><source>Nucleic Acids Res</source><volume>19</volume><fpage>5444</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1681511</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Laytano1974"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Laytano</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1974</year><source>Legado Luso-Açoriano na Formação do Rio Grande do Sul</source><publisher-loc>Porto Alegre</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Centro Regional de Pesquisas Educacionais</publisher-name><size units="page"></size></element-citation></ref><ref id="Marreroetal2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marrero</surname><given-names>A.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leite</surname><given-names>F.P.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>B.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Peres</surname><given-names>L.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kommers</surname><given-names>T.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>I.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Linares</surname><given-names>A.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>W.A.</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Heterogeneity of the genome ancestry of individuals classified as white in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</article-title><source>Am J Hum Biol</source><volume>17</volume><fpage>496</fpage><lpage>506</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15981186</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Marreroetal2007a"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marrero</surname><given-names>A.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bravi</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stuart</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Long</surname><given-names>J.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leite</surname><given-names>F.P.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kommers</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>C.M.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pena</surname><given-names>S.D.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ruiz-Linares</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2007a</year><article-title>Pre and post-Columbian gene and cultural identity: The case of the <italic>Gaucho</italic> from southern Brazil</article-title><source>Hum Hered</source><volume>64</volume><fpage>160</fpage><lpage>171</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17536210</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Marreroetal2007b"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marrero</surname><given-names>A.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva-Junior</surname><given-names>W.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bravi</surname><given-names>C.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hutz</surname><given-names>M.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Petzl-Erler</surname><given-names>M.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ruiz-Linares</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2007b</year><article-title>The demographic and evolutionary trajectories of the Guarani and Kaingang natives of Brazil</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><volume>132</volume><fpage>301</fpage><lpage>310</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17133437</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Mattoso1982"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mattoso</surname><given-names>K.M.Q.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1982</year><source>Ser Escravo no Brasil</source><publisher-loc>São Paulo</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Editora Brasiliense</publisher-name><size units="page"></size></element-citation></ref><ref id="Mogentale-Profizietal2001"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mogentale-Profizi</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chollet</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevanovitch</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dubut</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Poggi</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pradie</surname><given-names>M.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Spadoni</surname><given-names>J.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gilles</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Beraud-Colomb</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2001</year><article-title>Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in two groups of Italian Veneto speakers from Veneto</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>65</volume><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>166</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11427175</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Montieletal2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Montiel</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bettencourt</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prata</surname><given-names>M.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Analysis of Y-chromosome variability and its comparison with mtDNA variability reveals different demographic histories between islands in the Azores Archipelago (Portugal)</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>69</volume><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15720295</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Noellietal1997"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Noelli</surname><given-names>F.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>S.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vietta</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tocchetto</surname><given-names>F.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cappelletti</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Da Costa</surname><given-names>J.F.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Soares</surname><given-names>A.L.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marques</surname><given-names>K.J.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1997</year><article-title>O mapa arqueológico parcial e a revisão historiográfica a respeito das ocupações indígenas pré-históricas no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul</article-title><source>Rev Hist Regional</source><volume>2</volume><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>221</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="Noguerol2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nogueról</surname><given-names>L.P.F.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Preços de bois cavalos e escravos em Porto Alegre e em Sambará, no século XIX: Mercadorias de um mercado nacional em formação</article-title><source>Ensaios FEE</source><volume>26</volume><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>36</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="Parraetal2003"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parra</surname><given-names>F.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amado</surname><given-names>R.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lambertucci</surname><given-names>J.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Antunes</surname><given-names>C.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pena</surname><given-names>S.D.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2003</year><article-title>Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians</article-title><source>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</source><volume>100</volume><fpage>177</fpage><lpage>182</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12509516</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Pereiraetal2000"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prata</surname><given-names>M.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amorim</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2000</year><article-title>Diversity of mtDNA lineages in Portugal: Not a genetic edge of European variation</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>64</volume><fpage>491</fpage><lpage>506</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11281213</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Pichleretal2006"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pichler</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mueller</surname><given-names>J.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stefanov</surname><given-names>S.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>De Grandi</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Volpato</surname><given-names>C.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pinggera</surname><given-names>G.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mayr</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ogriseg</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ploner</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Meitinger</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2006</year><article-title>Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and <italic>Alu</italic> polymorphisms</article-title><source>Hum Biol</source><volume>78</volume><fpage>441</fpage><lpage>464</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17278620</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Picornelletal2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Picornell</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gomez-Barbeito</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tomas</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Castro</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramon</surname><given-names>M.M.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Mitochondrial DNA HVRI variation in Balearic populations</article-title><source>Am J Phys Anthropol</source><volume>128</volume><fpage>119</fpage><lpage>130</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15761883</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Plazaetal2004"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Plaza</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salas</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Calafell</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Corte-Real</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertranpetit</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carracedo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Comas</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2004</year><article-title>Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola</article-title><source>Hum Genet</source><volume>115</volume><fpage>439</fpage><lpage>447</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15340834</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Ploski2005"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ploski</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis</article-title><source>Hum Genet</source><volume>117</volume><fpage>428</fpage><lpage>443</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15959808</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Poetschetal2003"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Poetsch</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wittig</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krause</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lignitz</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2003</year><article-title>Mitochondrial diversity of a northeast German population sample</article-title><source>Forensic Sci Int</source><volume>137</volume><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14609647</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Ribeiro-dos-Santosetal2006"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ribeiro-dos-Santos</surname><given-names>A.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>B.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Feio-dos-Santos</surname><given-names>A.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>S.E.B.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2006</year><article-title>Nucleotide variability of HV-I in Afro-descendent populations of the Brazilian Amazon region</article-title><source>Forensic Sci Int</source><volume>167</volume><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16448796</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Rosaetal2004"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosa</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brehm</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kivisild</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Metspalu</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Villems</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2004</year><article-title>MtDNA profile of West Africa Guineans: Towards a better understanding of the Senegambia region</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>68</volume><fpage>340</fpage><lpage>352</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15225159</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Rosseretal2000"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosser</surname><given-names>Z.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zerjal</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hurles</surname><given-names>M.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adojaan</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alavantic</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amorim</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amos</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Armenteros</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arroyo</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Barbujani</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2000</year><article-title>Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>67</volume><fpage>1526</fpage><lpage>1543</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11078479</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Salasetal2002"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salas</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>De la Fe</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lareu</surname><given-names>M.V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sobrino</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanchez-Diz</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Macaulay</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carracedo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2002</year><article-title>The making of the African mtDNA landscape</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>71</volume><fpage>1082</fpage><lpage>1111</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12395296</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Salasetal2004"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salas</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lareu</surname><given-names>M.V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Scozzari</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Coppa</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Torroni</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Macaulay</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carracedo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2004</year><article-title>The African diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade</article-title><source>Am J Hum Genet</source><volume>74</volume><fpage>454</fpage><lpage>465</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14872407</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="SalzanoandBortolini2002"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salzano</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2002</year><source>The Evolution and Genetics of Latin American Populations</source><publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><size units="page"></size></element-citation></ref><ref id="Schneideretal2000"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roessli</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Excoffier</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2000</year><source>Arlequin v. 2.000: A software for population genetic analysis</source><publisher-loc>University of Geneva</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Genetics and Biometry Laboratory</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="Silvaetal2006"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>D.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tavares</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amorim</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gusmão</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2006</year><article-title>Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio de Janeiro population</article-title><source>Am J Hum Biol</source><volume>18</volume><fpage>829</fpage><lpage>837</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17039481</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Silva-Junioretal2006"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Silva-Junior</surname><given-names>W.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bortolini</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>M.P.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marrero</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Elion</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krishnamoorthy</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zago</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2006</year><article-title>mtDNA haplogroup analysis of black and sub-Saharan populations: Implications for the Atlantic slave trade</article-title><source>Hum Biol</source><volume>78</volume><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16900880</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Thomasetal1999"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>M.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bradman</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Flinn</surname><given-names>H.M.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1999</year><article-title>High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellites and 11 di-allelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome</article-title><source>Hum Genet</source><volume>105</volume><fpage>577</fpage><lpage>581</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10647892</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Torronietal2006"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Torroni</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Achilli</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Macaulay</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bandelt</surname><given-names>H.J.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2006</year><article-title>Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree</article-title><source>Trends Genet</source><volume>22</volume><fpage>339</fpage><lpage>345</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16678300</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Underhilletal1996"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Underhill</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jin</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zemans</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oefner</surname><given-names>P.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cavalli-Sforza</surname><given-names>L.L.</given-names></name></person-group><year>1996</year><article-title>A pre-Columbian Y chromosome-specific transition and its implications for human evolutionary history</article-title><source>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</source><volume>93</volume><fpage>196</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8552603</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Underhilletal2001"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Underhill</surname><given-names>P.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Passarino</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mirazon</surname><given-names>Lahr M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oefner</surname><given-names>P.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Foley</surname><given-names>R.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cavalli-Sforza</surname><given-names>L.L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes andthe origins of modern human populations</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><year>2001</year><volume>65</volume><fpage>43</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11415522</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Villems2002"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Villems</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2002</year><article-title>The emerging limbs and twigs of the East Asian mtDNA tree</article-title><source>Mol Biol Evol</source><volume>19</volume><fpage>1737</fpage><lpage>1751</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12270900</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Yaoetal2004"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yao</surname><given-names>Y.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bravi</surname><given-names>C.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bandelt</surname><given-names>H.-.J.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2004</year><article-title>A call for mtDNA data quality control in forensic science</article-title><source>Forensic Sci Int</source><volume>141</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15066707</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="Zembrzuskietal2006"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zembrzuski</surname><given-names>V.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Callegari-Jacques</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hutz</surname><given-names>M.H.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2006</year><article-title>Application of an African Ancestry Index as a genomic control approach in a Brazilian population</article-title><source>Ann Hum Genet</source><volume>70</volume><fpage>822</fpage><lpage>828</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17044857</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list><ref-list><title>Internet Resources</title><ref id="irc1"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Arlequin: A software for population genetics data analysis</source><comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://lgb.unige.ch/arlequin/">http://lgb.unige.ch/arlequin/</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="irc2"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Bioedit: Biological sequence alignment editor for Windows</source><date-in-citation>May 12, 2007</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html">http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="irc3"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Chromas Lite 2.0 Program</source><date-in-citation>May 15, 2007</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.technelsyum.com.au">http://www.technelsyum.com.au</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="irc4"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><collab>Instituto Brasileiro de Estatistica e Geografia (IBGE)</collab><date-in-citation>October 5, 2007</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/populacao/censo2000_populacao.pdf">http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/populacao/censo2000_populacao.pdf</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="irc5"><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Network 4.2.0.0 Program</source><date-in-citation>May 29, 2007</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fluxus-engineering.com">http://www.fluxus-engineering.com</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p> Y-SNP haplogroup frequencies in Porto Alegre residents classified as white or black compared with individuals from another Brazilian city (Rio de Janeiro) and European populations.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geographic origin</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DE</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E3A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F*</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K*</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P*</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q*</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R1*</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R1a1*</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R1b3*</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R1b3f</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Porto Alegre whites<sup>a</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.064</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.104</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.108</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.054</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.515</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.029</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Porto Alegre blacks<sup>a</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.093</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.259</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.185</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.074</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.055</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.131</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rio de Janeiro unclassified<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.119</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.079</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.023</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.102</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.071</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.055</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.024</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.512</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Azores<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.090</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.083</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.066</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.133</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Azores<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.130</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.059</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.086</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.086</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.038</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.021</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.560</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.022</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portugal<sup>e</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">657</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.123</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.057</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.076</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.104</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.577</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.022</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain<sup>f</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">380</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.102</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.113</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.110</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.045</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.541</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.050</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy<sup>g</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1060</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.156</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.116</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.093</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.228</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.035</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.344</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany<sup>h</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1215</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.064</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.043</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.236</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.040</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.032</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.013</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.393</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.179</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poland<sup>h</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">913</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.050</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.173</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.042</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.116</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.571</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Present study; <sup>b</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Silvaetal2006">Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>; <sup>c</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Goncalvesetal2005">Gonçalves <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref>; <sup>d</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Montieletal2005">Montiel <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref>; <sup>e</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Belezaetal2006">Beleza <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>; <sup>f</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Floresetal2003">Flores <italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</xref>; <sup>g</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Capellietal2006">Capelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Capellietal2007">2007</xref>); <sup>h</sup> Kayser <italic>et al.</italic> (2005).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p> mtDNA haplotypes and haplogroups in Porto Alegre residents classified as black or white.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lineage</td><td valign="top" colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Number of sequences
<hr></hr></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HVS-I mutations<sup>a</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Haplogroup<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Origin</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rCRS</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">261</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">354</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124 354</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 304</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">209</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">233</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 300 325</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">361</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 223</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 192</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 193 300 309</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 366</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 222</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 145 231 261</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J2a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 93 126 261 274 355</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J2a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 261</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J2a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 145 172 222 261</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J1b1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 145 172 222 261 305T</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J1b1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 126 193 278</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J1c</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 111 126</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J1c</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188 224 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">224 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 224 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86 224 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 224 290 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 224 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 223 291 298</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M or I</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 183C 189 249 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M1 or U1a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 145 176G 223 260</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N1b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145 176G 223</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N1b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 292 294</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 126 294</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 163 186 189 284 294</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 254 294 296 304</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 294 296 304</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 294 296 304 360</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 193 294 296 304 357</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 294 296 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 193 294 296 304</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 220 292 294</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 163 186 189 294</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 129C 183C 189</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2e</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 319 356</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">192 256 270</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">192 270</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256 270</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167 192 256 270 311 318</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 256 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256 270 342</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172 183C 189 219 278</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U6a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172 183C 189 278</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U6a</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153 298</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">V</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">298</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">V</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">187 298 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">V</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">291 298</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">V</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 223 278</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 223 278 290 319 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 223 290 319 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 223 290 319</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 129 223 290 319 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 126 223 259 290 319 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 223 266 290 319 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 223 269 290 319 360 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92 111 223 290 319 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178 183C 189 217</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 217</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178 183C 189 217 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178 183C 189 217</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 189 217</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183C 189 217</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 217 249 312 344</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 217 311 319</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 217 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 298 325 327</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 123 298 325 327</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 224 298 311 325 327 356</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 270 298 325 327</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 207 223 298 325 327</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">051 172 223 295 298 325 327 335</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185 209 223 327</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">187 223 290 325</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">051 223 298 325 327</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 298 325 327 356</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">051 223 287 298 311 325 327</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 298 325 327 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 325 327</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 239 288 325 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 223 325 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 325 362</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148 172 187 188G 189 223 230 311 320</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L0a2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 148 168 172 187 188G 189 223 230 278 293 311 320</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L0a1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 129 179 187 189 218 223 230 243 290 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L0d</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 126 187 189 223 239 270 278 293 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L1b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 126 187 189 215 223 264 270 278 293 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L1b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 187 189 223 264 270 278 293 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L1b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 187 189 223 264 270 278 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L1b</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 187 189 223 274 278 293 294 311 360</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L1c1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134 187 213 223 265C 274 278 286G 360</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L1c2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189 223 265C 278 286G 294 311 343T 360</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L1c2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193 213 223 239 278 294 309 390</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L2a1β1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">223 292 320</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L3e2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86 149T 152A 223 248 320 355</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L3e2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">209 223 311</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L3f</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Several<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Several<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>The nucleotide positions considered for the analyses were from 16,050 to 16,391. Note that a value of 16,000 has been subtracted from each nucleotide position to make this column easier to read. Sequences were aligned with the revised reference sequence (rCRS; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Andrewsetal1999">Andrews <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999</xref>). <sup>b</sup>Haplogroup nomenclature is that recommended in the literature (see text). Those cases in which HVS-I information alone did not allow the identification of specific haplogroups were classified based on probabilities. <sup>c</sup>Complete information about the African lineages observed in Porto Alegre blacks can be found in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p> Estimates of parental contribution based on mtDNA and Y-chromosome markers in whites and blacks from Porto Alegre.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Samples and markers</td><td valign="top" colspan="3" align="center" rowspan="1">Parental contribution (%)
<hr></hr></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> mtDNA</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present study</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Y-chromosome</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">< 1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present study</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> mtDNA</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present study; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Y-chromosome</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present study; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p> Estimates of parental contribution using three set of markers and considering persons classified as white or black in different regions of Brazil.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Region and samples</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genetic system</td><td valign="top" colspan="3" align="center" rowspan="1">Parental contribution (%)<sup>a</sup><hr></hr></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whites</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Alves-Silvaetal2000">Alves-Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2000)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-chromosome<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Carvalho-Silvaetal2001">Carvalho-Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48-2,054</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bi-parental loci<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini (2002)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northeast</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Alves-Silvaetal2000">Alves-Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2000)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-chromosome<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carvalho-Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64-27,607</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bi-parental loci<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini (2002)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southeast</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Alves-Silvaetal2000">Alves-Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2000)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-chromosome<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Carvalho-Silvaetal2001">Carvalho-Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89-60,270</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bi-parental loci<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini (2002)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">328</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Alves-Silvaetal2000">Alves-Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2000)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Marreroetal2005">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref>; present study</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-chromosome<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">< 1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Carvalho-Silvaetal2001">Carvalho-Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref>; present study</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107-5,527</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bi-parental loci<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini (2002)</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blacks</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Silva-Junioretal2006">Silva-Junior <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Ribeiro-dos-Santosetal2006">Ribeiro-dos-Santos <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-chromosome<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38-482</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bi-parental loci<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini (2002)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northeast</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Bortolinietal1997">Bortolini <italic>et al.</italic> (1997)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Silva-Junioretal2006">Silva-Junior <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-chromosome<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Abe-Sandesetal2004">Abe-Sandes <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30-38,898</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bi-parental loci<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini (2002)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southeast</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">233</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Silva-Junioretal2006">Silva-Junior <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Goncalvesetal2007">Gonçalves <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>; Hünemeir <italic>et al.</italic> (2007); present study</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">288</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-chromosome<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Abe-Sandesetal2004">Abe-Sandes <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Goncalvesetal2007">Gonçalves <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>; present study</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">378-33,534</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bi-parental loci<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini (2002)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Bortolinietal1997">Bortolini <italic>et al.</italic> (1997)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>; present study</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-chromosome<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="Hunemeieretal2007">Hünemeier <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>; present study</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53-3,236</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bi-parental loci<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="SalzanoandBortolini2002">Salzano and Bortolini (2002)</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>ND = No data available; <sup>b</sup>HVS-I sequences and SNPs in the mtDNA codifying region; <sup>c</sup>SNPs in the non-recombining region of the Y-chromosome; <sup>d</sup>Classic blood group plus protein polymorphisms.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Linguistique/explor/TamazightV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 0001889 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 0001889 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Linguistique
|area= TamazightV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |