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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">“The city of Hepar”: Rituals, gastronomy, and politics at the origins of the modern names for the liver</title><author><name sortKey="Riva, Michele Augusto" sort="Riva, Michele Augusto" uniqKey="Riva M" first="Michele Augusto" last="Riva">Michele Augusto Riva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riva, Enrica" sort="Riva, Enrica" uniqKey="Riva E" first="Enrica" last="Riva">Enrica Riva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spicci, Mauro" sort="Spicci, Mauro" uniqKey="Spicci M" first="Mauro" last="Spicci">Mauro Spicci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of English Studies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strazzabosco, Mario" sort="Strazzabosco, Mario" uniqKey="Strazzabosco M" first="Mario" last="Strazzabosco">Mario Strazzabosco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giovannini, Marcello" sort="Giovannini, Marcello" uniqKey="Giovannini M" first="Marcello" last="Giovannini">Marcello Giovannini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cesana, Giancarlo" sort="Cesana, Giancarlo" uniqKey="Cesana G" first="Giancarlo" last="Cesana">Giancarlo Cesana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21718666</idno><idno type="pmc">3747976</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3747976</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3747976</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.jhep.2011.05.011</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000171</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000171</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">“The city of Hepar”: Rituals, gastronomy, and politics at the origins of the modern names for the liver</title><author><name sortKey="Riva, Michele Augusto" sort="Riva, Michele Augusto" uniqKey="Riva M" first="Michele Augusto" last="Riva">Michele Augusto Riva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riva, Enrica" sort="Riva, Enrica" uniqKey="Riva E" first="Enrica" last="Riva">Enrica Riva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spicci, Mauro" sort="Spicci, Mauro" uniqKey="Spicci M" first="Mauro" last="Spicci">Mauro Spicci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of English Studies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strazzabosco, Mario" sort="Strazzabosco, Mario" uniqKey="Strazzabosco M" first="Mario" last="Strazzabosco">Mario Strazzabosco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giovannini, Marcello" sort="Giovannini, Marcello" uniqKey="Giovannini M" first="Marcello" last="Giovannini">Marcello Giovannini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cesana, Giancarlo" sort="Cesana, Giancarlo" uniqKey="Cesana G" first="Giancarlo" last="Cesana">Giancarlo Cesana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of hepatology</title><idno type="ISSN">0168-8278</idno><idno type="eISSN">1600-0641</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><p id="P2">Medical etymology sometimes provides unexpected information about health concepts and medical practice in different times and cultures. We conducted an etymological analysis of the terms used to indicate “liver” in Germanic and Romance languages. The Greek word “hèpar” was originally connected to the concept of “pleasure”, showing that in antiquity the liver was considered to be the seat of soul and human feelings. In Romance languages, the Latin term “ficatum” was linked to the ancient practice of fattening geese with figs (<italic>ficus</italic> in Latin) to make their livers more delicious. This relationship between the liver, fat, and carbohydrates seems to indicate that ancient gourmets had clear knowledge of the nutritional mechanisms underlying “fatty liver” in animals. On the other hand, the Germanic term “lifere” was initially connected to “life”, underscoring the relation of the liver to health and existence. In the Early Modern Age, the liver became a recurring image in political reflection, especially within the Elizabethan tradition of the body politic, where the king was frequently described as the “liver” of his country. Finally, the liver was used to indicate courage, or the lack of it: some modern French and English idiomatic expressions derive from the ancient belief that people who had no blood in their liver (“lily-livered”) would thus be cowards or betrayers.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">8503886</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">4786</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Hepatol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Hepatol.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of hepatology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0168-8278</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1600-0641</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21718666</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3747976</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jhep.2011.05.011</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS493154</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>“The city of Hepar”: Rituals, gastronomy, and politics at the origins of the modern names for the liver</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Riva</surname><given-names>Michele Augusto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Riva</surname><given-names>Enrica</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spicci</surname><given-names>Mauro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Strazzabosco</surname><given-names>Mario</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Giovannini</surname><given-names>Marcello</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cesana</surname><given-names>Giancarlo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of English Studies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author: Centro di Studio e Ricerca sulla Sanità Pubblica, Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano Bicocca, Villa Serena, Ospedale San Gerardo di Monza, via Pergolesi, 33, IT-20900, Monza, Italy. Tel.: +39 039 2333098; fax: +39 039 365378. <email>michele.riva@unimib.it</email> (M.A. Riva)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>7</day><month>8</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>6</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>20</day><month>8</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>55</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>1132</fpage><lpage>1136</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2011 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><title>Summary</title><p id="P2">Medical etymology sometimes provides unexpected information about health concepts and medical practice in different times and cultures. We conducted an etymological analysis of the terms used to indicate “liver” in Germanic and Romance languages. The Greek word “hèpar” was originally connected to the concept of “pleasure”, showing that in antiquity the liver was considered to be the seat of soul and human feelings. In Romance languages, the Latin term “ficatum” was linked to the ancient practice of fattening geese with figs (<italic>ficus</italic> in Latin) to make their livers more delicious. This relationship between the liver, fat, and carbohydrates seems to indicate that ancient gourmets had clear knowledge of the nutritional mechanisms underlying “fatty liver” in animals. On the other hand, the Germanic term “lifere” was initially connected to “life”, underscoring the relation of the liver to health and existence. In the Early Modern Age, the liver became a recurring image in political reflection, especially within the Elizabethan tradition of the body politic, where the king was frequently described as the “liver” of his country. Finally, the liver was used to indicate courage, or the lack of it: some modern French and English idiomatic expressions derive from the ancient belief that people who had no blood in their liver (“lily-livered”) would thus be cowards or betrayers.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Medical etymology</kwd><kwd>Literature</kwd><kwd>Liver</kwd><kwd>Figs</kwd><kwd>History</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United States">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases : NIDDK</funding-source><award-id>P30 DK034989 || DK</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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