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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East</title><author><name sortKey="Kitchen, Andrew" sort="Kitchen, Andrew" uniqKey="Kitchen A" first="Andrew" last="Kitchen">Andrew Kitchen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, PO Box 103610</addr-line>,<institution>University of Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Gainesville, FL 32610-3610</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ehret, Christopher" sort="Ehret, Christopher" uniqKey="Ehret C" first="Christopher" last="Ehret">Christopher Ehret</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of History, PO Box 951473</addr-line>,<institution>University of California—Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90095-1473</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assefa, Shiferaw" sort="Assefa, Shiferaw" uniqKey="Assefa S" first="Shiferaw" last="Assefa">Shiferaw Assefa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of History, PO Box 951473</addr-line>,<institution>University of California—Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90095-1473</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulligan, Connie J" sort="Mulligan, Connie J" uniqKey="Mulligan C" first="Connie J." last="Mulligan">Connie J. Mulligan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, PO Box 103610</addr-line>,<institution>University of Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Gainesville, FL 32610-3610</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19403539</idno><idno type="pmc">2839953</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839953</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2839953</idno><idno type="doi">10.1098/rspb.2009.0408</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000162</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000162</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East</title><author><name sortKey="Kitchen, Andrew" sort="Kitchen, Andrew" uniqKey="Kitchen A" first="Andrew" last="Kitchen">Andrew Kitchen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, PO Box 103610</addr-line>,<institution>University of Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Gainesville, FL 32610-3610</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ehret, Christopher" sort="Ehret, Christopher" uniqKey="Ehret C" first="Christopher" last="Ehret">Christopher Ehret</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of History, PO Box 951473</addr-line>,<institution>University of California—Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90095-1473</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assefa, Shiferaw" sort="Assefa, Shiferaw" uniqKey="Assefa S" first="Shiferaw" last="Assefa">Shiferaw Assefa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of History, PO Box 951473</addr-line>,<institution>University of California—Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90095-1473</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulligan, Connie J" sort="Mulligan, Connie J" uniqKey="Mulligan C" first="Connie J." last="Mulligan">Connie J. Mulligan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, PO Box 103610</addr-line>,<institution>University of Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Gainesville, FL 32610-3610</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-8452</idno><idno type="eISSN">1471-2954</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The evolution of languages provides a unique opportunity to study human population history. The origin of Semitic and the nature of dispersals by Semitic-speaking populations are of great importance to our understanding of the ancient history of the Middle East and Horn of Africa. Semitic populations are associated with the oldest written languages and urban civilizations in the region, which gave rise to some of the world's first major religious and literary traditions. In this study, we employ Bayesian computational phylogenetic techniques recently developed in evolutionary biology to analyse Semitic lexical data by modelling language evolution and explicitly testing alternative hypotheses of Semitic history. We implement a relaxed linguistic clock to date language divergences and use epigraphic evidence for the sampling dates of extinct Semitic languages to calibrate the rate of language evolution. Our statistical tests of alternative Semitic histories support an initial divergence of Akkadian from ancestral Semitic over competing hypotheses (e.g. an African origin of Semitic). We estimate an Early Bronze Age origin for Semitic approximately 5750 years ago in the Levant, and further propose that contemporary Ethiosemitic languages of Africa reflect a single introduction of early Ethiosemitic from southern Arabia approximately 2800 years ago.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Biol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RSPB</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">royprsb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0962-8452</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2954</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Royal Society</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19403539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2839953</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rspb.2009.0408</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rspb20090408</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1001</subject><subject>70</subject><subject>183</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kitchen</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ehret</surname><given-names>Christopher</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Assefa</surname><given-names>Shiferaw</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mulligan</surname><given-names>Connie J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Anthropology, PO Box 103610</addr-line>,<institution>University of Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Gainesville, FL 32610-3610</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of History, PO Box 951473</addr-line>,<institution>University of California—Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>Los Angeles, CA 90095-1473</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Author and present address for correspondence: <addr-line>Department of Biology</addr-line>, <institution>Pennsylvania State University</institution>, <addr-line>208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802-5301</addr-line>, <country>USA</country> (<email>aak11@psu.edu</email>).</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>7</day><month>8</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>4</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>276</volume><issue>1668</issue><fpage>2703</fpage><lpage>2710</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>3</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>4</month><year>2009</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2009 The Royal Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="2703.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The evolution of languages provides a unique opportunity to study human population history. The origin of Semitic and the nature of dispersals by Semitic-speaking populations are of great importance to our understanding of the ancient history of the Middle East and Horn of Africa. Semitic populations are associated with the oldest written languages and urban civilizations in the region, which gave rise to some of the world's first major religious and literary traditions. In this study, we employ Bayesian computational phylogenetic techniques recently developed in evolutionary biology to analyse Semitic lexical data by modelling language evolution and explicitly testing alternative hypotheses of Semitic history. We implement a relaxed linguistic clock to date language divergences and use epigraphic evidence for the sampling dates of extinct Semitic languages to calibrate the rate of language evolution. Our statistical tests of alternative Semitic histories support an initial divergence of Akkadian from ancestral Semitic over competing hypotheses (e.g. an African origin of Semitic). We estimate an Early Bronze Age origin for Semitic approximately 5750 years ago in the Levant, and further propose that contemporary Ethiosemitic languages of Africa reflect a single introduction of early Ethiosemitic from southern Arabia approximately 2800 years ago.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Semitic</kwd><kwd>language evolution</kwd><kwd>Middle East</kwd><kwd>Horn of Africa</kwd><kwd>Bayesian phylogenetics</kwd><kwd>population history</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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