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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">HLA Genes in Mayos Population from Northeast Mexico</title><author><name sortKey="Arnaiz Villena, A" sort="Arnaiz Villena, A" uniqKey="Arnaiz Villena A" first="A" last="Arnaiz-Villena">A. Arnaiz-Villena</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moscoso, J" sort="Moscoso, J" uniqKey="Moscoso J" first="J" last="Moscoso">J. Moscoso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Granados, J" sort="Granados, J" uniqKey="Granados J" first="J" last="Granados">J. Granados</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Serrano Vela, J I" sort="Serrano Vela, J I" uniqKey="Serrano Vela J" first="J. I" last="Serrano-Vela">J. I Serrano-Vela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De La Pe A, A" sort="De La Pe A, A" uniqKey="De La Pe A A" first="A." last="De La Pe A">A. De La Pe A</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Physiology and Grupo de Estudio de Genomica y Proteomica en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reguera, R" sort="Reguera, R" uniqKey="Reguera R" first="R" last="Reguera">R. Reguera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferri, A" sort="Ferri, A" uniqKey="Ferri A" first="A" last="Ferri">A. Ferri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seclen, E" sort="Seclen, E" uniqKey="Seclen E" first="E" last="Seclen">E. Seclen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izaguirre, R" sort="Izaguirre, R" uniqKey="Izaguirre R" first="R" last="Izaguirre">R. Izaguirre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Physiology and Grupo de Estudio de Genomica y Proteomica en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Hernandez, N" sort="Perez Hernandez, N" uniqKey="Perez Hernandez N" first="N" last="Perez-Hernandez">N. Perez-Hernandez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Physiology and Grupo de Estudio de Genomica y Proteomica en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vargas Alarcon, G" sort="Vargas Alarcon, G" uniqKey="Vargas Alarcon G" first="G" last="Vargas-Alarcon">G. Vargas-Alarcon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19412332</idno><idno type="pmc">2647159</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647159</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2647159</idno><idno type="doi">10.2174/138920207783591735</idno><date when="2007">2007</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000139</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000139</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">HLA Genes in Mayos Population from Northeast Mexico</title><author><name sortKey="Arnaiz Villena, A" sort="Arnaiz Villena, A" uniqKey="Arnaiz Villena A" first="A" last="Arnaiz-Villena">A. Arnaiz-Villena</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moscoso, J" sort="Moscoso, J" uniqKey="Moscoso J" first="J" last="Moscoso">J. Moscoso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Granados, J" sort="Granados, J" uniqKey="Granados J" first="J" last="Granados">J. Granados</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Serrano Vela, J I" sort="Serrano Vela, J I" uniqKey="Serrano Vela J" first="J. I" last="Serrano-Vela">J. I Serrano-Vela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De La Pe A, A" sort="De La Pe A, A" uniqKey="De La Pe A A" first="A." last="De La Pe A">A. De La Pe A</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Physiology and Grupo de Estudio de Genomica y Proteomica en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reguera, R" sort="Reguera, R" uniqKey="Reguera R" first="R" last="Reguera">R. Reguera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferri, A" sort="Ferri, A" uniqKey="Ferri A" first="A" last="Ferri">A. Ferri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seclen, E" sort="Seclen, E" uniqKey="Seclen E" first="E" last="Seclen">E. Seclen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izaguirre, R" sort="Izaguirre, R" uniqKey="Izaguirre R" first="R" last="Izaguirre">R. Izaguirre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Physiology and Grupo de Estudio de Genomica y Proteomica en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Hernandez, N" sort="Perez Hernandez, N" uniqKey="Perez Hernandez N" first="N" last="Perez-Hernandez">N. Perez-Hernandez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Physiology and Grupo de Estudio de Genomica y Proteomica en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vargas Alarcon, G" sort="Vargas Alarcon, G" uniqKey="Vargas Alarcon G" first="G" last="Vargas-Alarcon">G. Vargas-Alarcon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Current Genomics</title><idno type="ISSN">1389-2029</idno><idno type="eISSN">1875-5488</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>HLA class I and class II alleles have been studied in 60 unrelated people belonging to Mayos ethnic group, which lives in the Mexican Pacific Sinaloa State. Mayos HLA profile was compared to other Amerindians and worldwide populations’ profile. A total of 14,896 chromosomes were used for comparisons. Genetic distances between populations, Neigbour-Joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses were performed to determine the genetic relationship among population. The new specific Mayo HLA haplotypes found are: HLA-A*02-B*35-DRB1*1406-DQB1*0301; HLA-A*02-B*48-DRB1*0404-DQB1*0302; HLA-A*24-B*51-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 and HLA-A*02-B*08-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302. However, the typical Meso American HLADRB1*0407 represents a 40% of all DRB1 alleles. While common HLA characteristics are found in Amerindian distant ethnic groups, still new group specific HLA haplotypes are being found, suggesting that a common founder effect (i.e. high DRB1*0407) is noticed. Moreover, new HLA haplotypes are almost certainly appearing along time probably due to specific pathogen (?) selection for diversity. Mayo language is close to the Tarahumara one (another geographically close group); notwithstanding both groups are not genetically close according to our results, showing again the different evolution of genes and languages, which do not correlate. Finally, Sinaloa is one of the Mexican States in which more European genes are found. However, the results presented in this paper, where no European HLA genes are seen in Mayos, should have a bearing in establishing transplant programs and in HLA and disease studies.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Curr Genomics</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">CG</journal-id><journal-title>Current Genomics</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">1389-2029</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1875-5488</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19412332</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2647159</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">CG-8-466</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/138920207783591735</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>HLA Genes in Mayos Population from Northeast Mexico</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arnaiz-Villena</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moscoso</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Granados</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Serrano-Vela</surname><given-names>J.I</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de la Peña</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reguera</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferri</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seclen</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Izaguirre</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perez-Hernandez</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vargas-Alarcon</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Immunology, Universidad Complutense, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, Madrid, Spain;</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Department of Physiology and Grupo de Estudio de Genomica y Proteomica en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Address correspondence to this autor at the Departamento de Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Tel: +34 91 301 7354; Fax: +34 91 301 7213; E-mail: <email xlink:href="aarnaiz@med.ucm.es; htpp://chopo.pntic.mec.es/biolmol">aarnaiz@med.ucm.es; htpp://chopo.pntic.mec.es/biolmol</email></corresp><fn id="fn1"><label>#</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work and the order of authorship is arbitrary.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>466</fpage><lpage>475</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2007</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>1</day><month>11</month><year>2007</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day><month>11</month><year>2007</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>©2007 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2007</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/"><p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/</uri>) which permits unrestrictive use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p></license></permissions><abstract><p>HLA class I and class II alleles have been studied in 60 unrelated people belonging to Mayos ethnic group, which lives in the Mexican Pacific Sinaloa State. Mayos HLA profile was compared to other Amerindians and worldwide populations’ profile. A total of 14,896 chromosomes were used for comparisons. Genetic distances between populations, Neigbour-Joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses were performed to determine the genetic relationship among population. The new specific Mayo HLA haplotypes found are: HLA-A*02-B*35-DRB1*1406-DQB1*0301; HLA-A*02-B*48-DRB1*0404-DQB1*0302; HLA-A*24-B*51-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 and HLA-A*02-B*08-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302. However, the typical Meso American HLADRB1*0407 represents a 40% of all DRB1 alleles. While common HLA characteristics are found in Amerindian distant ethnic groups, still new group specific HLA haplotypes are being found, suggesting that a common founder effect (i.e. high DRB1*0407) is noticed. Moreover, new HLA haplotypes are almost certainly appearing along time probably due to specific pathogen (?) selection for diversity. Mayo language is close to the Tarahumara one (another geographically close group); notwithstanding both groups are not genetically close according to our results, showing again the different evolution of genes and languages, which do not correlate. Finally, Sinaloa is one of the Mexican States in which more European genes are found. However, the results presented in this paper, where no European HLA genes are seen in Mayos, should have a bearing in establishing transplant programs and in HLA and disease studies.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key Words</title><kwd>Amerindians</kwd><kwd>HLA</kwd><kwd>mayos</kwd><kwd>mexica</kwd><kwd>nahua</kwd><kwd>transplant.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The West Mexican Mayos form an isolated ethnic Amerindian group, which lives on a flat half desert and half cultivated area, Southern Sonora and North Sinaloa, see Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref></bold>). They speak a Nahua/Aztec type language with some dialects that do not hinder mutual understanding. They call themselves Yoremes and probably migrated to the present day location from the North (Colorado River Basin) about 1,000 years ago [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>]. They usually get married within their own group [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>] which is important for the analyses of our results. Whether the Nahua type language (Mayo) also a sign of Mexica or Aztec relatedness is unknown, since Mexicas imposed their language to other probably non-genetically related Mexican groups [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>]. Later, the Spanish conqueror Hernan Cortes arrived to the Mexicas Empire in 1,519 AD which was sized and destroyed by war and invaders’ born-diseases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>]. </p><p>The present study aims: 1) To relate Mayos group with other Amerindian groups; and 2) To relate Mayos with other worldwide groups, in order to test the uniqueness of all Amerindians [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>] with respect to their HLA profiles (different loci allele frequencies). This is important for establishing transplant programs in rural areas where some ethnic groups still live, i.e. Mayos, and for studying the epidemiology of HLA linked disorders.</p><p>In order to perform this work, a sample of sixty unrelated Mayos has been HLA typed and thereafter the genetic relationship with others Amerindians tested by HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and –DQB1 DNA typing calculating genetic distances, neighbor-joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec><title>Population Samples</title><p>We studied sixty unrelated healthy individuals from the Mayos ethnic group. They were HLA class I and class II typed. They were living at Capomos town, Municipio del Fuerte, in Sinaloa State, northeast Mexico. In the Mayos communities the inbreeding pedigrees are common but we selected only those unrelated individuals for our study. Each individual was born in the Mayos area, their four grandparents had been born in the same area and spoke their own Mayo language. All participants gave their written consent for being included in the present study.</p><p>The origin of all other populations used for comparisons is detailed in Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref></bold>: 14,896 chromosomes were studied in total, including populations from different origins (Caucasoids, Orientals, Polynesians, Micronesians, Na-Dene, Eskimos and Amerindians). In particular, the Amerindian group includes tribes from the following linguistic families: Macro-Mixteco (Mixtecans, Zapotecans and Mazatecans), Macro-Maya (Mixe and Mayas), Macro-Yuma (Seris), Andean (Quechuans and Aymaras), Chibcha (Arsario, Kogi, Arhuaco and Cayapa), Arawak (Wayu), and Ge Pano Caribe (Xavantes, Mataco and Toba).</p></sec><sec><title>HLA Typing and DNA Sequencing</title><p>HLA class I (A and B) and class II (DRB1 and DQB1) allele families typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) reverse dot blot hybridization (Amplicor, Hoffmann La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) (according to IMGT/HLA version 2.6, July 2004). HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 high-resolution typing was done by DNA sequencing in a Perkin Elmer 310 automated DNA sequencer (Foster City, CA, USA). The sequences were analyzed using the IMGT/HLA sequence database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla/align.html).</p></sec><sec><title>Statistical Analysis</title><p>Statistical analysis was performed with Arlequin v2.0 software kindly provided by Schneider [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>]. In summary, this program calculated HLA-A, -B, -DRB1, and –DQB1 allele frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the linkage disequilibrium (D’; also named LD) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>] and their level of significance (P) for 2X2 comparisons was determined [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>] and the 11<sup>th</sup> International Histocompatibility Workshop methodology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>]. In addition, the most frequent complete haplotypes were deduced from: (1) the 2, 3, and 4 HLA loci haplotype frequencies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>]; (2) the previously described haplotypes in other populations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]; and (3) haplotypes if they appeared in two or more individuals and if the alternative haplotype was well defined [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]. In order to compare phenotype and haplotype HLA frequencies with other populations, the reference tables of the 11<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> International HLA Workshops are used (see also Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref></bold>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11"> 11</xref>]. Dendograms were constructed with the allelic frequencies using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>] with the genetic distances (DA) between populations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref>], using DISPAN software comprising the programs GNKDST and TREEVIEW [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15"> 15</xref>]. Correspondence analysis in n-dimensions and its bi-dimensional representation was carried out using the VISTA v5.02 computer program (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.forrest.psych.unc.edu">http://www.forrest.psych.unc.edu</uri>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">16</xref>]. Correspondence analysis consists of a geometric technique that may be used for displaying a global view of the relationships among populations according to HLA (or other) allele frequencies. This methodology is based on the allelic frequency variance among populations and on the display of a statistical visualization of differences.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>RESULTS</title><sec><title>Characteristic HLA Allele Frequencies in the Mayos Population Compared to other Populations</title><p>The expected and observed genotype frequency values for HLA-A, -B, and –DQB1 loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref></bold> shows the HLA frequencies found in the Mayos population. HLA-A and –B were typed on 60 individuals. Ten different HLA-A and fifteen different HLA-B alleles were found in the Mayos ethnic group. The most frequent HLA-A alleles were A*02 (allele frequency=0.44) and A*24 (allele frequency=0.36) whereas the most frequent HLA-B alleles were B*35 (allele frequency=0.25), B*39 (allele frequency=0.17) and B*51 (allele frequency= 0.17).</p><p>With respect to the HLA class II, 60 individuals were typed. Eighteen different HLA-DRB1 alleles were found, but only two of them had frequencies higher than 0’1 (DRB1*0407 and DRB1*1406), the sum of these two allelic frequencies was more than 0’6. Other three alleles common in Amerindians have been found in this ethnic group with allelic frequencies between 0’05-0’1 (DRB1*0403, DRB1*0404 and DRB1*0802). DQB1 allele frequencies reflect the DRB1 locus allele distribution due to the strong linkage disequilibrium level between these two loci, thus, the most frequent HLA-DQB1 alleles were DQB1*0302 (allele frequency=0.63), DQB1*0301 (allele frequency=0.18) and DQB1*0402 (allele frequency=0.11).</p><p>Two types of analysis were done in order to compare Mayos HLA frequencies with other world population’s frequencies: 1) with pooled DRB1 and DQB1 data; and 2) with DRB1 only. It was not possible to carry out a study comparing frequencies of HLA class I and II conjointly due to the lack of class I studies in many Amerindian and other populations. The single DRB1 study was carried out in order to compare the American Indian HLA population frequencies with those of Polynesians, Melanesians and Micronesians, who lacked DQB1 analyses, see Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref></bold>, Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref></bold> and Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref></bold>). HLA-DRB1, DQB1 neighbor-joining tree grouped together the Amerindians and separated them from Na-Dene and Eskimo Native American groups and also from the Orientals and Caucasoids, Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref></bold>). When the Polynesians, Melanesians and Micronesians were included (see Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref></bold>) the topology of the tree (DRB1 alone) does not change (data not shown), it is also seen in the correspondence analysis, Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref></bold>). This effect is more evident when genetic distances are considered (Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref></bold>).</p><p>Genetic distances between Mayos and other populations show that Mayos are both close to Meso and South Americans (Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref></bold>). Indeed, Kogi (11.20x10<sup>-2</sup>, Colombia), Teenek (11.38x10<sup>-2</sup>, Mexico), Mayans (13.17 x10<sup>-2</sup>, Guatemala), Arsario (18.13 x10<sup>-2</sup>, Colombia), Mazatecans (20.44 x10<sup>-2</sup>, Mexico) and Mixteco (23.20 x10<sup>-2</sup>, Mexico) show the closest genetic distances to Mayos, followed by Eastern Toba, Arhuaco, Seri, Nahuas and the rest of Amerindian populations. A discontinuity between Amerindians and the other world groups (including Na-Dene and Eskimos) is observed. With respect to Guarani population, we could observe that a more larger genetic distance exists with Mayos; larger than with other non Amerindian population (Athabaskans), this fact may be due to the low number of HLA typings of the Guarani population or to admixture (Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref></bold>).</p></sec><sec><title>HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and –DQB1 Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis in Mayos Compared to other Populations</title><p>Associations between different HLA loci were estimated. The most probable two loci haplotype combinations (A-B, B-DRB1 and DRB1-DQB1) were calculated (data not shown).</p><p>The ten most frequent extended haplotypes are depicted in Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref></bold>. Mayos extended HLA haplotypes have been obtained for the first time, allowing their comparison with the previously reported ones in other populations (Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref></bold> and its footnote).</p><p>The DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 was associated with A*24-B*39, A*02-B*35, A*24-B*35, A*02-B*40, A*24-B*51, A*02-B*39 and A*02-B*08, meanwhile DRB1*1406-DQB1*0301 was associated with A*2-B*35; DRB1*0404-DQB1*0302 was associated with A*02-B*48 and DRB1*0802-DQB1*0402 was associated with A*02-B*35.</p><p>The most frequent extended HLA haplotypes have Amerindian characteristics and it has been found in other Amerindian populations. The most frequent extended HLA haplotype A*24-B*39-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 (8.2%) has also been found only in Mazatecan Amerindian population. Six of the ten most frequent Mayos haplotypes have been found in other Amerindians populations, mainly in other Meso-American populations as Mazatecan, Seri, Mixe, Teeneks, Mixtecos, Mayans, Nahuas and Zapotecans. Four of them have not been found in any other worldwide ethnic group, these haplotypes seem to be specific for this Mexican ethnic group (Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref></bold> and its footnote).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><sec><title>Mayos and Mexican Populations</title><p>We studied an isolated population from Northeast Mexico (Mayos) which confirmed the limited HLA polymorphism found in other isolated tribes from Meso and South America. We detected only ten HLA-A alleles and fifteen HLA-B different alleles in this population. Only two (A*02 and A*24) HLA-A alleles and three (B*35, B*40 and B*51) HLA-B alleles had frequencies higher than 0’1. With respect to HLA class II genes, only two (DRB1*0407 and DRB1*1406) HLA-DRB1 alleles and three (DQB1*0302, DQB1*0301 and DQB1*0402) HLA-DQB1 alleles had frequencies higher than 0’1. All of these HLA class I and II alleles have already been described in other Mexican populations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4"> 4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17"> 17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18"> 18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19"> 19</xref>].</p><p>Neighbour-Joining dendrogram and correspondence analyses correlate Mayos tribe together with Mexican populations like Teeneks and Tarahumaras, Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref></bold>), and also with Nahuas ethnic group, Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref></bold>). Regarding the genetic distances (a bidimensional parameter), Kogi from Colombia, and Mayans from Guatemala are the populations most related to Mayos (Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref></bold>).</p><p>We can deduce from HLA genetic results (allele frequencies and extended haplotypes) that our Mayos sample has not had any contact with European people, because it would be clearly shown by using these particular HLA genetic markers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Mayos and South American Populations</title><p>The results of HLA genetic typing in Mayos population confirm that they belong to Amerindian HLA genetic profile.</p><p>The presence of HLA-B*48 allele in this population is remarkable (allele frequency= 0’05, Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref></bold>) as it is lacking in all Mexican populations so far except in Andean populations like Aymaras, Quechuas and Lamas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref>].</p><p>HLA-B*48 is relatively common in Na-Dene and Asian populations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24"> 24</xref>]. The presence of this allele (together with DRB1*0901) in a few Amerindian populations is the only evidence that could strictly support the three wave model of peopling America including Meso and South America [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">25</xref>] because these two alleles would be shared with southern Asian populations.</p><p>All Amerindian ethnic groups bearing HLA-B*48 allele in its HLA pofile are living in the Pacific Coast (Mayos and Andean Populations). This might mean the existence of southern Asian migrations to coastal Meso and South America.</p></sec><sec><title>Amerindian Languages</title><p>Again, while Mayos seem to be genetically related with South American populations [Kogi, Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref></bold>; Terena and Aymaras, Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref></bold>); and Wayu and Quechua, Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref></bold>)], languages spoken by these groups are disparate and belong to far related linguistic branches.</p><p>It is also remarkable that Tarahumara ethnic group, which speaks a similar language to Mayos and is geographically very close to it, genetically shows relatively distant, Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref></bold>, Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref></bold>) and Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref></bold>). This is a general phenomenon in Amerindians: genes and languages do not correlate.</p><p>Finally, Mayos ethnic group lives in Sinaloa Mexican State and at least in our sample European HLA genes and haplotypes are not found; this occurs in spite of that Sinaloa is one of the Mexican States where more European HLA alleles are found [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref>].</p><p>These facts may be taken into account when setting up transplantation programs and also for studiyng HLA and disease associations.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title><p>This work was supported in part by three grants from the Fundacion Mutua Madrileña Automovilista (2004, 2005, 2006) and Ministerio de Sanidad (PI-051039).</p></ack><glossary><title>ABBREVIATIONS</title><def-list><def-item><term id="A1">HLA</term><def><p>= Human leukocyte antigen</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="A2">NJ</term><def><p>= Neighbor-joining</p></def></def-item></def-list></glossary><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Scheffler</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><source>Los indigenas Mexicanos</source><year>1992</year><publisher-loc>Mexico DF</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Panorama</publisher-name></citation></ref><ref id="R2"><label>2</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vargas-Alarcon</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moscoso</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez-Laso</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodriguez-Perez</surname><given-names>J.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Flores-Dominguez</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Serrano-Vela</surname><given-names>J.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moreno</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Granados</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arnaiz-Villena</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Origin of Mexican Nahuas (Aztecs) according to HLA genes and their relationships with worldwide populations</article-title><source>Mol. 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Grey intensity represents an approximate grouping of populations.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="CG-8-466_F2"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Fig. (3)</label><caption><p>Neighbor-joining dendrogram showing relatedness between Mayos and Amerindians, Na-Dene, Eskimo, Asian and European populations. Genetic distances between populations (DA) were calculated by using HLA-DRB1-DQB1 genotyping. Data from other populations were taken from references detailed in Table <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref></bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="CG-8-466_F3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Populations Included in the Analysis. A Total of 14,896 Chromosomes were Analyzed. Geographical Locations are Represented in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref>]</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all" width="100%"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Populations</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Populations</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mayos</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Buyi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nahuas</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manchu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aymaras</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koreans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quechuans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">493</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mazatecans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Khalk Mongolians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">202</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mayans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuvinians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seri</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Khoton Mongolians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">295</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixtecans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sardinians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zapotecans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">284</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexican Mestizos</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unpublished</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">French</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wayu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spaniards</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arhuaco</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spanish Basques</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kogi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Algerians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsario</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Berbers (Souss)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cayapa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">28</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moroccans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xavantes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Macedonians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guarani</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cretans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toba Pilaga</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ashkenazi Jews</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mataco Wichi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non Ashkenazi Jews</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastern Toba</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lebanese NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaidukama</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unpublished</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lebanese KZ</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Teenek</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moroccan Jews</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lakota Sioux</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">302</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danish</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terena indians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chuvashians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">43</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tarahumaras</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamas</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Samoa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eskimos</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Madang</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Athabaskans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabaul</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tlingit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Caledonia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nivkhs</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fidji</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Udegeys</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papua New Guinea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koryaks</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central Desert </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chukchi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ainu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kets</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yuendumu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Evenks</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cape York</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">49</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore Chinese</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kimberley</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">49</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 Allele Frequencies in the Studied Mayos Population</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all" width="100%"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alleles</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alleles</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alleles</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HLA-A*</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1310</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0106</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1347</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1402</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1403</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1406</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1427</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1429</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1446</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HLA-DRB1*</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HLA-DQB1*</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0101</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0301</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0301</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HLA-B*</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0403</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0302</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0404</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0305</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0407</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0402</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0410</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0501</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0701</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0603</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0801</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0609</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0802</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1301</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Genetic Distances (DA) between Mayos and other Populations (x 100) Obtained by Using HLA-DRB1 Allele Frequencies</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all" width="100%"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">DA</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">DA</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">DA</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kogi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Athabaskan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Algerians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.77</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Teenek</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuvinians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chukchi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.96</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mayans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moroccan Jews</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.02</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arsario</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">French</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ashkenazi Jews</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.61</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mazatecan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lebanese-KZ</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Udegeys</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.69</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixteco</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Khalk-Mongolian</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eskimos</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.88</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastern-Toba</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Samoa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.37</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arhuaco</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ainu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fidji</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.19</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seri</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kets</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.27</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nahuas</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koreans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sardinians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.48</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zapotecans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spaniards</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manchu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.87</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lakota Sioux</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danish</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Evenks</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wayu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guarani</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore-Chinese</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.72</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toba-Pilaga</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Caledonia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.12</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tlingit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Buyi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.25</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quechuas</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moroccans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nivkhs</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.63</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexican Mestizos</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Khoton-Mongolian</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabaul</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.81</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cayapa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lebanese-NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cape-York</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.58</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tarahumaras</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cretans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central-Desert</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.74</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamas</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Berber-Souss</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Madang</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.04</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mataco-Wichi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Macedonians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yuendumu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.45</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaidukama</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chuvashians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papua New Guinea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.24</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aymara</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non Ashkenazi Jews</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kimberley</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terena Indians</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spanish Basques</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.15</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xavantes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koryaks</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.34</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The Ten Most Frequent HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 Extended Haplotypes in the Mayos Population. HF: Haplotype Frequency</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all" width="100%"><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Haplotypes</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">HF (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Possible Origin</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*24-B*39-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn2">a</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02-B*35-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn3">b</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*24-B*35-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn4">c</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02-B*35-DRB1*1406-DQB1*0301<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn5">d</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02-B*40-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn6">e</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02-B*48-DRB1*0404-DQB1*0302<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn5">f</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*24-B*51-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn5">g</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02-B*39-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn7">h</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02-B*08-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn5">i</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-A*02-B*35-DRB1*0802-DQB1*0402<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="T4fn8">j</xref></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amerindian</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="T4Fn1"><p><bold>Table 4 footnote:</bold></p></fn><fn id="T4fn2"><label>a</label><p> Only found in Mazatecans (3.3%).</p></fn><fn id="T4fn3"><label>b</label><p> Found in Seri (18.2%); Teeneks (15.5%); Mayans (10.6%); Mixtecos (3%); Mazatecans (2.5%); Aymaras (1.7%); Peruvian Inidians (1.7%).</p></fn><fn id="T4fn4"><label>c</label><p> Found in Mayans (5%); Teeneks (3.7%); Seris (2.3%); Lakota-Sioux (2.2%); Aymaras (2.1%); Quechuas (1.4%).</p></fn><fn id="T4fn5"><label>d,f,g,i</label><p> Not found in any other ethnic groups.</p></fn><fn id="T4fn6"><label>e</label><p> Found in Aymaras (2.3%) and Mayans (0.7%).</p></fn><fn id="T4fn7"><label>h</label><p> Found in Mazatecans (10.8%); Mixe (9%); Mayans (4.2%); Teeneks (3.7%); and Terena Indians (2.3%).</p></fn><fn id="T4fn8"><label>j</label><p> Found in Aymaras (10.4%); Peruvian Indians (9.6%); Mayans (8.4%); Nahuas (6.1%); Mixtecos (6%); Seri (4.5%); Zapotecans (3%)and Mixe (1.5%).</p></fn><fn id="T4fn9"><p><bold>Other haplotypes found are:</bold> HLA-A*02-B*15-DRB1*0802-DQB1*0402 (1.7%), HLA-A*02-B*39-DRB1*0403-DQB1*0302 (1.7%), HLA-A*02-B*39-DRB1*1406-DQB1*0402 (1.7%), HLA-A*02-B*48-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 (1.7%), HLA-A*02-B*51-DRB1*1301-DQB1*0603 (1.7%), HLA-A*03-B*51-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 (1.7%), HLA-A*24-B*07-DRB1*0802-DQB1*0402 (1.7%), HLA-A*24-B*15-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 (1.7%), HLA-A*24-B*40-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 (1.7%), HLA-A*24-B*40-DRB1*0802-DQB1*0402 (1.7%), HLA-A*24-B*51-DRB1*1406-DQB1*0301 (1.7%), HLA-A*68-B*40-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 (1.7%).</p></fn><fn id="T4fn10"><p><bold>References:</bold> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">50</xref>].</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-wrap></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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