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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form</title><author><name sortKey="Brace, C Loring" sort="Brace, C Loring" uniqKey="Brace C" first="C. Loring" last="Brace">C. Loring Brace</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seguchi, Noriko" sort="Seguchi, Noriko" uniqKey="Seguchi N" first="Noriko" last="Seguchi">Noriko Seguchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quintyn, Conrad B" sort="Quintyn, Conrad B" uniqKey="Quintyn C" first="Conrad B." last="Quintyn">Conrad B. Quintyn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815-1301;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Sherry C" sort="Fox, Sherry C" uniqKey="Fox S" first="Sherry C." last="Fox">Sherry C. Fox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Weiner Laboratory, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, GR-106 76 Athens, Greece;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, A Russell" sort="Nelson, A Russell" uniqKey="Nelson A" first="A. Russell" last="Nelson">A. Russell Nelson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manolis, Sotiris K" sort="Manolis, Sotiris K" uniqKey="Manolis S" first="Sotiris K." last="Manolis">Sotiris K. Manolis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-157 81 Athens, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qifeng, Pan" sort="Qifeng, Pan" uniqKey="Qifeng P" first="Pan" last="Qifeng">Pan Qifeng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, People's Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">16371462</idno><idno type="pmc">1325007</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325007</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1325007</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0509801102</idno><date when="2005">2005</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000103</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000103</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form</title><author><name sortKey="Brace, C Loring" sort="Brace, C Loring" uniqKey="Brace C" first="C. Loring" last="Brace">C. Loring Brace</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seguchi, Noriko" sort="Seguchi, Noriko" uniqKey="Seguchi N" first="Noriko" last="Seguchi">Noriko Seguchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quintyn, Conrad B" sort="Quintyn, Conrad B" uniqKey="Quintyn C" first="Conrad B." last="Quintyn">Conrad B. Quintyn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815-1301;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Sherry C" sort="Fox, Sherry C" uniqKey="Fox S" first="Sherry C." last="Fox">Sherry C. Fox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Weiner Laboratory, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, GR-106 76 Athens, Greece;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, A Russell" sort="Nelson, A Russell" uniqKey="Nelson A" first="A. Russell" last="Nelson">A. Russell Nelson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manolis, Sotiris K" sort="Manolis, Sotiris K" uniqKey="Manolis S" first="Sotiris K." last="Manolis">Sotiris K. Manolis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-157 81 Athens, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qifeng, Pan" sort="Qifeng, Pan" uniqKey="Qifeng P" first="Pan" last="Qifeng">Pan Qifeng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, People's Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2005">2005</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Many human craniofacial dimensions are largely of neutral adaptive significance, and an analysis of their variation can serve as an indication of the extent to which any given population is genetically related to or differs from any other. When 24 craniofacial measurements of a series of human populations are used to generate neighbor-joining dendrograms, it is no surprise that all modern European groups, ranging all of the way from Scandinavia to eastern Europe and throughout the Mediterranean to the Middle East, show that they are closely related to each other. The surprise is that the Neolithic peoples of Europe and their Bronze Age successors are not closely related to the modern inhabitants, although the prehistoric/modern ties are somewhat more apparent in southern Europe. It is a further surprise that the Epipalaeolithic Natufian of Israel from whom the Neolithic realm was assumed to arise has a clear link to Sub-Saharan Africa. Basques and Canary Islanders are clearly associated with modern Europeans. When canonical variates are plotted, neither sample ties in with Cro-Magnon as was once suggested. The data treated here support the idea that the Neolithic moved out of the Near East into the circum-Mediterranean areas and Europe by a process of demic diffusion but that subsequently the <italic>in situ</italic> residents of those areas, derived from the Late Pleistocene inhabitants, absorbed both the agricultural life way and the people who had brought it.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pnas</journal-id><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">16371462</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1325007</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">0242</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0509801102</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brace</surname><given-names>C. Loring</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">*</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seguchi</surname><given-names>Noriko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quintyn</surname><given-names>Conrad B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fox</surname><given-names>Sherry C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">¶</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nelson</surname><given-names>A. Russell</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">∥</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manolis</surname><given-names>Sotiris K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">**</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Qifeng</surname><given-names>Pan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00">††</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="N0x9884ea0.0x9b29e00"><label>*</label>Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;<label>‡</label>Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812;<label>§</label>Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815-1301;<label>¶</label>Weiner Laboratory, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, GR-106 76 Athens, Greece;<label>∥</label>Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;<label>**</label>Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-157 81 Athens, Greece; and<label>††</label>Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, People's Republic of China</aff><author-notes><fn id="cor1"><label>†</label><p> To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>clbrace@umich.edu</email>. </p></fn><fn><p>Communicated by Kent V. Flannery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, November 11, 2005</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>3</day><month>1</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2005</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>242</fpage><lpage>247</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>9</month><year>2005</year></date></history><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2006, The National Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2006</copyright-year><abstract><p>Many human craniofacial dimensions are largely of neutral adaptive significance, and an analysis of their variation can serve as an indication of the extent to which any given population is genetically related to or differs from any other. When 24 craniofacial measurements of a series of human populations are used to generate neighbor-joining dendrograms, it is no surprise that all modern European groups, ranging all of the way from Scandinavia to eastern Europe and throughout the Mediterranean to the Middle East, show that they are closely related to each other. The surprise is that the Neolithic peoples of Europe and their Bronze Age successors are not closely related to the modern inhabitants, although the prehistoric/modern ties are somewhat more apparent in southern Europe. It is a further surprise that the Epipalaeolithic Natufian of Israel from whom the Neolithic realm was assumed to arise has a clear link to Sub-Saharan Africa. Basques and Canary Islanders are clearly associated with modern Europeans. When canonical variates are plotted, neither sample ties in with Cro-Magnon as was once suggested. The data treated here support the idea that the Neolithic moved out of the Near East into the circum-Mediterranean areas and Europe by a process of demic diffusion but that subsequently the <italic>in situ</italic> residents of those areas, derived from the Late Pleistocene inhabitants, absorbed both the agricultural life way and the people who had brought it.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>craniometrics</kwd><kwd>Neolithic versus modern form</kwd><kwd>prehistoric versus modern European form</kwd><kwd>Basque and Canary Islands placement</kwd><kwd>Cro-Magnon reassessment</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>PDF filename</meta-name><meta-value>zpq00106000242</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta><notes><fn-group><fn><p>Author contributions: C.L.B. designed research; C.L.B., N.S., C.B.Q., S.C.F., A.R.N., S.K.M., and Q.P. performed research; C.L.B. and N.S. analyzed data; and C.L.B. wrote the paper.</p></fn><fn><p>Conflict of interest statement: No conflicts declared.</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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