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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears</title><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, Toomas" sort="Kivisild, Toomas" uniqKey="Kivisild T" first="Toomas" last="Kivisild">Toomas Kivisild</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reidla, Maere" sort="Reidla, Maere" uniqKey="Reidla M" first="Maere" last="Reidla">Maere Reidla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Ene" sort="Metspalu, Ene" uniqKey="Metspalu E" first="Ene" last="Metspalu">Ene Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosa, Alexandra" sort="Rosa, Alexandra" uniqKey="Rosa A" first="Alexandra" last="Rosa">Alexandra Rosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brehm, Antonio" sort="Brehm, Antonio" uniqKey="Brehm A" first="Antonio" last="Brehm">Antonio Brehm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Center of Macaronesian Studies, University of Madeira Penteada, Funchal, Portugal;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pennarun, Erwan" sort="Pennarun, Erwan" uniqKey="Pennarun E" first="Erwan" last="Pennarun">Erwan Pennarun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parik, Juri" sort="Parik, Juri" uniqKey="Parik J" first="Jüri" last="Parik">Jüri Parik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geberhiwot, Tarekegn" sort="Geberhiwot, Tarekegn" uniqKey="Geberhiwot T" first="Tarekegn" last="Geberhiwot">Tarekegn Geberhiwot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Birmingham and Solihull Teaching Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Usanga, Esien" sort="Usanga, Esien" uniqKey="Usanga E" first="Esien" last="Usanga">Esien Usanga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Department of Haematology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villems, Richard" sort="Villems, Richard" uniqKey="Villems R" first="Richard" last="Villems">Richard Villems</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">15457403</idno><idno type="pmc">1182106</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182106</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1182106</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000009</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000009</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears</title><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, Toomas" sort="Kivisild, Toomas" uniqKey="Kivisild T" first="Toomas" last="Kivisild">Toomas Kivisild</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reidla, Maere" sort="Reidla, Maere" uniqKey="Reidla M" first="Maere" last="Reidla">Maere Reidla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Ene" sort="Metspalu, Ene" uniqKey="Metspalu E" first="Ene" last="Metspalu">Ene Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosa, Alexandra" sort="Rosa, Alexandra" uniqKey="Rosa A" first="Alexandra" last="Rosa">Alexandra Rosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brehm, Antonio" sort="Brehm, Antonio" uniqKey="Brehm A" first="Antonio" last="Brehm">Antonio Brehm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Center of Macaronesian Studies, University of Madeira Penteada, Funchal, Portugal;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pennarun, Erwan" sort="Pennarun, Erwan" uniqKey="Pennarun E" first="Erwan" last="Pennarun">Erwan Pennarun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parik, Juri" sort="Parik, Juri" uniqKey="Parik J" first="Jüri" last="Parik">Jüri Parik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geberhiwot, Tarekegn" sort="Geberhiwot, Tarekegn" uniqKey="Geberhiwot T" first="Tarekegn" last="Geberhiwot">Tarekegn Geberhiwot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Birmingham and Solihull Teaching Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Usanga, Esien" sort="Usanga, Esien" uniqKey="Usanga E" first="Esien" last="Usanga">Esien Usanga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Department of Haematology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villems, Richard" sort="Villems, Richard" uniqKey="Villems R" first="Richard" last="Villems">Richard Villems</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">American Journal of Human Genetics</title><idno type="ISSN">0002-9297</idno><idno type="eISSN">1537-6605</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Approximately 10 miles separate the Horn of Africa from the Arabian Peninsula at Bab-el-Mandeb (the Gate of Tears). Both historic and archaeological evidence indicate tight cultural connections, over millennia, between these two regions. High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of 270 Ethiopian and 115 Yemeni mitochondrial DNAs was performed in a worldwide context, to explore gene flow across the Red and Arabian Seas. Nine distinct subclades, including three newly defined ones, were found to characterize entirely the variation of Ethiopian and Yemeni L3 lineages. Both Ethiopians and Yemenis contain an almost-equal proportion of Eurasian-specific M and N and African-specific lineages and therefore cluster together in a multidimensional scaling plot between Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African populations. Phylogeographic identification of potential founder haplotypes revealed that approximately one-half of haplogroup L0–L5 lineages in Yemenis have close or matching counterparts in southeastern Africans, compared with a minor share in Ethiopians. Newly defined clade L6, the most frequent haplogroup in Yemenis, showed no close matches among 3,000 African samples. These results highlight the complexity of Ethiopian and Yemeni genetic heritage and are consistent with the introduction of maternal lineages into the South Arabian gene pool from different source populations of East Africa. A high proportion of Ethiopian lineages, significantly more abundant in the northeast of that country, trace their western Eurasian origin in haplogroup N through assorted gene flow at different times and involving different source populations.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Am J Hum Genet</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJHG</journal-id><journal-title>American Journal of Human Genetics</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0002-9297</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1537-6605</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The American Society of Human Genetics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">15457403</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1182106</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">41578</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears</article-title><alt-title>Ethiopian and Yemeni mtDNA Phylogenies</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kivisild</surname><given-names>Toomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reidla</surname><given-names>Maere</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Metspalu</surname><given-names>Ene</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosa</surname><given-names>Alexandra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brehm</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pennarun</surname><given-names>Erwan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parik</surname><given-names>Jüri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Geberhiwot</surname><given-names>Tarekegn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Usanga</surname><given-names>Esien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Villems</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9815160.0x94dc730">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="N0x9815160.0x94dc730"><sup>1</sup>Estonian Biocentre and Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia;<sup>2</sup>Center of Macaronesian Studies, University of Madeira Penteada, Funchal, Portugal;<sup>3</sup>Birmingham and Solihull Teaching Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and<sup>4</sup>Department of Haematology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria</aff><author-notes><corresp>Address for correspondence and reprints: Dr. Toomas Kivisild, Estonian Biocentre, Riia 23, Tartu 51010, Estonia. E-mail: <email>tkivisil@ebc.ee</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>9</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><volume>75</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>752</fpage><lpage>770</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>7</month><year>2004</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>8</month><year>2004</year></date></history><copyright-statement>© 2004 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2004</copyright-year><self-uri>15457403</self-uri><abstract><p>Approximately 10 miles separate the Horn of Africa from the Arabian Peninsula at Bab-el-Mandeb (the Gate of Tears). Both historic and archaeological evidence indicate tight cultural connections, over millennia, between these two regions. High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of 270 Ethiopian and 115 Yemeni mitochondrial DNAs was performed in a worldwide context, to explore gene flow across the Red and Arabian Seas. Nine distinct subclades, including three newly defined ones, were found to characterize entirely the variation of Ethiopian and Yemeni L3 lineages. Both Ethiopians and Yemenis contain an almost-equal proportion of Eurasian-specific M and N and African-specific lineages and therefore cluster together in a multidimensional scaling plot between Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African populations. Phylogeographic identification of potential founder haplotypes revealed that approximately one-half of haplogroup L0–L5 lineages in Yemenis have close or matching counterparts in southeastern Africans, compared with a minor share in Ethiopians. Newly defined clade L6, the most frequent haplogroup in Yemenis, showed no close matches among 3,000 African samples. These results highlight the complexity of Ethiopian and Yemeni genetic heritage and are consistent with the introduction of maternal lineages into the South Arabian gene pool from different source populations of East Africa. A high proportion of Ethiopian lineages, significantly more abundant in the northeast of that country, trace their western Eurasian origin in haplogroup N through assorted gene flow at different times and involving different source populations.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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