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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes</title><author><name sortKey="Cruciani, Fulvio" sort="Cruciani, Fulvio" uniqKey="Cruciani F" first="Fulvio" last="Cruciani">Fulvio Cruciani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santolamazza, Piero" sort="Santolamazza, Piero" uniqKey="Santolamazza P" first="Piero" last="Santolamazza">Piero Santolamazza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Peidong" sort="Shen, Peidong" uniqKey="Shen P" first="Peidong" last="Shen">Peidong Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macaulay, Vincent" sort="Macaulay, Vincent" uniqKey="Macaulay V" first="Vincent" last="Macaulay">Vincent Macaulay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moral, Pedro" sort="Moral, Pedro" uniqKey="Moral P" first="Pedro" last="Moral">Pedro Moral</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olckers, Antonel" sort="Olckers, Antonel" uniqKey="Olckers A" first="Antonel" last="Olckers">Antonel Olckers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Modiano, David" sort="Modiano, David" uniqKey="Modiano D" first="David" last="Modiano">David Modiano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Susan" sort="Holmes, Susan" uniqKey="Holmes S" first="Susan" last="Holmes">Susan Holmes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Destro Bisol, Giovanni" sort="Destro Bisol, Giovanni" uniqKey="Destro Bisol G" first="Giovanni" last="Destro-Bisol">Giovanni Destro-Bisol</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coia, Valentina" sort="Coia, Valentina" uniqKey="Coia V" first="Valentina" last="Coia">Valentina Coia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Douglas C" sort="Wallace, Douglas C" uniqKey="Wallace D" first="Douglas C." last="Wallace">Douglas C. Wallace</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oefner, Peter J" sort="Oefner, Peter J" uniqKey="Oefner P" first="Peter J." last="Oefner">Peter J. Oefner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torroni, Antonio" sort="Torroni, Antonio" uniqKey="Torroni A" first="Antonio" last="Torroni">Antonio Torroni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavalli Sforza, L Luca" sort="Cavalli Sforza, L Luca" uniqKey="Cavalli Sforza L" first="L. Luca" last="Cavalli-Sforza">L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scozzari, Rosaria" sort="Scozzari, Rosaria" uniqKey="Scozzari R" first="Rosaria" last="Scozzari">Rosaria Scozzari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Underhill, Peter A" sort="Underhill, Peter A" uniqKey="Underhill P" first="Peter A." last="Underhill">Peter A. Underhill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">11910562</idno><idno type="pmc">447595</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC447595</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:447595</idno><date when="2002">2002</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000007</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes</title><author><name sortKey="Cruciani, Fulvio" sort="Cruciani, Fulvio" uniqKey="Cruciani F" first="Fulvio" last="Cruciani">Fulvio Cruciani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santolamazza, Piero" sort="Santolamazza, Piero" uniqKey="Santolamazza P" first="Piero" last="Santolamazza">Piero Santolamazza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Peidong" sort="Shen, Peidong" uniqKey="Shen P" first="Peidong" last="Shen">Peidong Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macaulay, Vincent" sort="Macaulay, Vincent" uniqKey="Macaulay V" first="Vincent" last="Macaulay">Vincent Macaulay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moral, Pedro" sort="Moral, Pedro" uniqKey="Moral P" first="Pedro" last="Moral">Pedro Moral</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olckers, Antonel" sort="Olckers, Antonel" uniqKey="Olckers A" first="Antonel" last="Olckers">Antonel Olckers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Modiano, David" sort="Modiano, David" uniqKey="Modiano D" first="David" last="Modiano">David Modiano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Susan" sort="Holmes, Susan" uniqKey="Holmes S" first="Susan" last="Holmes">Susan Holmes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Destro Bisol, Giovanni" sort="Destro Bisol, Giovanni" uniqKey="Destro Bisol G" first="Giovanni" last="Destro-Bisol">Giovanni Destro-Bisol</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coia, Valentina" sort="Coia, Valentina" uniqKey="Coia V" first="Valentina" last="Coia">Valentina Coia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Douglas C" sort="Wallace, Douglas C" uniqKey="Wallace D" first="Douglas C." last="Wallace">Douglas C. Wallace</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oefner, Peter J" sort="Oefner, Peter J" uniqKey="Oefner P" first="Peter J." last="Oefner">Peter J. Oefner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torroni, Antonio" sort="Torroni, Antonio" uniqKey="Torroni A" first="Antonio" last="Torroni">Antonio Torroni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavalli Sforza, L Luca" sort="Cavalli Sforza, L Luca" uniqKey="Cavalli Sforza L" first="L. Luca" last="Cavalli-Sforza">L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scozzari, Rosaria" sort="Scozzari, Rosaria" uniqKey="Scozzari R" first="Rosaria" last="Scozzari">Rosaria Scozzari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Underhill, Peter A" sort="Underhill, Peter A" uniqKey="Underhill P" first="Peter A." last="Underhill">Peter A. Underhill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">American Journal of Human Genetics</title><idno type="ISSN">0002-9297</idno><idno type="eISSN">1537-6605</idno><imprint><date when="2002">2002</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The variation of 77 biallelic sites located in the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome was examined in 608 male subjects from 22 African populations. This survey revealed a total of 37 binary haplotypes, which were combined with microsatellite polymorphism data to evaluate internal diversities and to estimate coalescence ages of the binary haplotypes. The majority of binary haplotypes showed a nonuniform distribution across the continent. Analysis of molecular variance detected a high level of interpopulation diversity (<inline-formula>Φ<sub><italic>ST</italic></sub>=0.342</inline-formula>), which appears to be partially related to the geography (<inline-formula>Φ<sub><italic>CT</italic></sub>=0.230</inline-formula>). In sub-Saharan Africa, the recent spread of a set of haplotypes partially erased pre-existing diversity, but a high level of population (<inline-formula>Φ<sub><italic>ST</italic></sub>=0.332</inline-formula>) and geographic (<inline-formula>Φ<sub><italic>CT</italic></sub>=0.179</inline-formula>) structuring persists. Correspondence analysis shows that three main clusters of populations can be identified: northern, eastern, and sub-Saharan Africans. Among the latter, the Khoisan, the Pygmies, and the northern Cameroonians are clearly distinct from a tight cluster formed by the Niger-Congo–speaking populations from western, central western, and southern Africa. Phylogeographic analyses suggest that a large component of the present Khoisan gene pool is eastern African in origin and that Asia was the source of a back migration to sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup IX Y chromosomes appear to have been involved in such a migration, the traces of which can now be observed mostly in northern Cameroon.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Am J Hum Genet</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJHG</journal-id><journal-title>American Journal of Human Genetics</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0002-9297</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1537-6605</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The American Society of Human Genetics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">11910562</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">447595</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">013596</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes</article-title><alt-title>Human Y-Chromosome Haplotype Variation in Africa</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cruciani</surname><given-names>Fulvio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Santolamazza</surname><given-names>Piero</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>Peidong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Macaulay</surname><given-names>Vincent</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moral</surname><given-names>Pedro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Olckers</surname><given-names>Antonel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Modiano</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Holmes</surname><given-names>Susan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Destro-Bisol</surname><given-names>Giovanni</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coia</surname><given-names>Valentina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">3,4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wallace</surname><given-names>Douglas C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oefner</surname><given-names>Peter J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torroni</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">1,12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cavalli-Sforza</surname><given-names>L. Luca</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scozzari</surname><given-names>Rosaria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Underhill</surname><given-names>Peter A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">10</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="N0x97e9920.0x8cb3be8">Dipartimenti di<sup>1</sup>Genetica e Biologia Molecolare,<sup>2</sup>Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Parassitologia, and<sup>3</sup>Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Sezione di Antropologia, Università “La Sapienza,” and<sup>4</sup>Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università Cattolica, Rome;<sup>5</sup>Stanford Genome Technology Center, Palo Alto, California;<sup>6</sup>Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford;<sup>7</sup>Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona;<sup>8</sup>Centre for Genome Research, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Pretoria, South Africa; Departments of<sup>9</sup>Statistics and<sup>10</sup>Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California;<sup>11</sup>Center for Molecular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; and<sup>12</sup>Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp>Address for correspondence and reprints: Dr. Fulvio Cruciani, Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università “La Sapienza,” Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. E-mail: <email>fulvio.cruciani@uniroma1.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>5</month><year>2002</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>3</month><year>2002</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>1197</fpage><lpage>1214</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>3</day><month>12</month><year>2001</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>7</day><month>2</month><year>2002</year></date></history><copyright-statement>© 2002 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2002</copyright-year><self-uri>11910562</self-uri><abstract><p>The variation of 77 biallelic sites located in the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome was examined in 608 male subjects from 22 African populations. This survey revealed a total of 37 binary haplotypes, which were combined with microsatellite polymorphism data to evaluate internal diversities and to estimate coalescence ages of the binary haplotypes. The majority of binary haplotypes showed a nonuniform distribution across the continent. Analysis of molecular variance detected a high level of interpopulation diversity (<inline-formula>Φ<sub><italic>ST</italic></sub>=0.342</inline-formula>), which appears to be partially related to the geography (<inline-formula>Φ<sub><italic>CT</italic></sub>=0.230</inline-formula>). In sub-Saharan Africa, the recent spread of a set of haplotypes partially erased pre-existing diversity, but a high level of population (<inline-formula>Φ<sub><italic>ST</italic></sub>=0.332</inline-formula>) and geographic (<inline-formula>Φ<sub><italic>CT</italic></sub>=0.179</inline-formula>) structuring persists. Correspondence analysis shows that three main clusters of populations can be identified: northern, eastern, and sub-Saharan Africans. Among the latter, the Khoisan, the Pygmies, and the northern Cameroonians are clearly distinct from a tight cluster formed by the Niger-Congo–speaking populations from western, central western, and southern Africa. Phylogeographic analyses suggest that a large component of the present Khoisan gene pool is eastern African in origin and that Asia was the source of a back migration to sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup IX Y chromosomes appear to have been involved in such a migration, the traces of which can now be observed mostly in northern Cameroon.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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