Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived Theileria parva
Identifieur interne : 000427 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000426; suivant : 000428Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived Theileria parva
Auteurs : Tatjana Sitt [Kenya] ; E. Jane Poole [Kenya] ; Gideon Ndambuki [Kenya] ; Stephen Mwaura [Kenya] ; Thomas Njoroge [Kenya] ; George P. Omondi [Kenya] ; Matthew Mutinda [Kenya] ; Joseph Mathenge [Kenya] ; Giles Prettejohn [Kenya] ; W. Ivan Morrison [Royaume-Uni] ; Philip Toye [Kenya]Source :
- International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife [ 2213-2244 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The Muguga cocktail was tested in cattle in a buffalo-only location. Infection with buffalo-derived At the conservancy, the cocktail did not protect cattle against Corridor disease. Efficacious vaccines can support integrative livestock/wildlife management.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.006
PubMed: 26005635
PubMed Central: 4437466
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Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ndambuki, Gideon" sort="Ndambuki, Gideon" uniqKey="Ndambuki G" first="Gideon" last="Ndambuki">Gideon Ndambuki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwaura, Stephen" sort="Mwaura, Stephen" uniqKey="Mwaura S" first="Stephen" last="Mwaura">Stephen Mwaura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njoroge, Thomas" sort="Njoroge, Thomas" uniqKey="Njoroge T" first="Thomas" last="Njoroge">Thomas Njoroge</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Omondi, George P" sort="Omondi, George P" uniqKey="Omondi G" first="George P." last="Omondi">George P. Omondi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0015">Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag, Nanyuki 10400</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mutinda, Matthew" sort="Mutinda, Matthew" uniqKey="Mutinda M" first="Matthew" last="Mutinda">Matthew Mutinda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0020">Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathenge, Joseph" sort="Mathenge, Joseph" uniqKey="Mathenge J" first="Joseph" last="Mathenge">Joseph Mathenge</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0020">Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prettejohn, Giles" sort="Prettejohn, Giles" uniqKey="Prettejohn G" first="Giles" last="Prettejohn">Giles Prettejohn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0020">Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, W Ivan" sort="Morrison, W Ivan" uniqKey="Morrison W" first="W. Ivan" last="Morrison">W. Ivan Morrison</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0025">The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toye, Philip" sort="Toye, Philip" uniqKey="Toye P" first="Philip" last="Toye">Philip Toye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26005635</idno><idno type="pmc">4437466</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4437466</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4437466</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.006</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000428</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000428</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000427</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000427</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived <italic>Theileria parva</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Sitt, Tatjana" sort="Sitt, Tatjana" uniqKey="Sitt T" first="Tatjana" last="Sitt">Tatjana Sitt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poole, E Jane" sort="Poole, E Jane" uniqKey="Poole E" first="E. Jane" last="Poole">E. Jane Poole</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ndambuki, Gideon" sort="Ndambuki, Gideon" uniqKey="Ndambuki G" first="Gideon" last="Ndambuki">Gideon Ndambuki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwaura, Stephen" sort="Mwaura, Stephen" uniqKey="Mwaura S" first="Stephen" last="Mwaura">Stephen Mwaura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njoroge, Thomas" sort="Njoroge, Thomas" uniqKey="Njoroge T" first="Thomas" last="Njoroge">Thomas Njoroge</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Omondi, George P" sort="Omondi, George P" uniqKey="Omondi G" first="George P." last="Omondi">George P. Omondi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0015">Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag, Nanyuki 10400</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mutinda, Matthew" sort="Mutinda, Matthew" uniqKey="Mutinda M" first="Matthew" last="Mutinda">Matthew Mutinda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0020">Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathenge, Joseph" sort="Mathenge, Joseph" uniqKey="Mathenge J" first="Joseph" last="Mathenge">Joseph Mathenge</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0020">Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prettejohn, Giles" sort="Prettejohn, Giles" uniqKey="Prettejohn G" first="Giles" last="Prettejohn">Giles Prettejohn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0020">Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, W Ivan" sort="Morrison, W Ivan" uniqKey="Morrison W" first="W. Ivan" last="Morrison">W. Ivan Morrison</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0025">The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toye, Philip" sort="Toye, Philip" uniqKey="Toye P" first="Philip" last="Toye">Philip Toye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af0010">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</title><idno type="eISSN">2213-2244</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0010"><label>•</label><p>The Muguga cocktail was tested in cattle in a buffalo-only location.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0015"><label>•</label><p>Infection with buffalo-derived <italic>T. parva</italic> caused Corridor disease in cattle.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0020"><label>•</label><p>At the conservancy, the cocktail did not protect cattle against Corridor disease.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0025"><label>•</label><p>Efficacious vaccines can support integrative livestock/wildlife management.</p></list-item></list></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barnett, S F" uniqKey="Barnett S">S.F. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2213-2244</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26005635</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4437466</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2213-2244(15)00022-X</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.006</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived <italic>Theileria parva</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sitt</surname><given-names>Tatjana</given-names></name><email>tsitt@uvm.edu</email><xref rid="af0010" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="fn0010" ref-type="fn">1</xref><xref rid="co0010" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Poole</surname><given-names>E. Jane</given-names></name><xref rid="af0010" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ndambuki</surname><given-names>Gideon</given-names></name><xref rid="af0010" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mwaura</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name><xref rid="af0010" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Njoroge</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref rid="af0010" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Omondi</surname><given-names>George P.</given-names></name><xref rid="af0015" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mutinda</surname><given-names>Matthew</given-names></name><xref rid="af0020" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mathenge</surname><given-names>Joseph</given-names></name><xref rid="af0020" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prettejohn</surname><given-names>Giles</given-names></name><xref rid="af0020" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morrison</surname><given-names>W. Ivan</given-names></name><xref rid="af0025" ref-type="aff">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Toye</surname><given-names>Philip</given-names></name><email>p.toye@cgiar.org</email><xref rid="af0010" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="co0015" ref-type="corresp">**</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af0010"><label>a</label>International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya</aff><aff id="af0015"><label>b</label>Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya</aff><aff id="af0020"><label>c</label>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</aff><aff id="af0025"><label>d</label>The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK</aff><author-notes><corresp id="co0010"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. University of Vermont, Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, 570 Main Street, 311 Terrill Bldg., Burlington, VT 05405, USA. Tel.: + 9255494032; fax: +1-802-656-8196. <email>tsitt@uvm.edu</email></corresp><corresp id="co0015"><label>**</label>Corresponding author. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. Tel.: +254 20 422 3643. <email>p.toye@cgiar.org</email></corresp><fn id="fn0010"><label>1</label><p>Present address: Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, 311 Terrill Bldg., Burlington, VT 05405, USA.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>08</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>8</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>244</fpage><lpage>251</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>29</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="CC BY-NC-ND" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0010"><label>•</label><p>The Muguga cocktail was tested in cattle in a buffalo-only location.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0015"><label>•</label><p>Infection with buffalo-derived <italic>T. parva</italic> caused Corridor disease in cattle.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0020"><label>•</label><p>At the conservancy, the cocktail did not protect cattle against Corridor disease.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0025"><label>•</label><p>Efficacious vaccines can support integrative livestock/wildlife management.</p></list-item></list></p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="graphical"><title>Graphical Abstract</title><fig id="f0010" position="anchor"><graphic xlink:href="ijppaw111-ga-5001"></graphic></fig></abstract><abstract><p>Integrative management of wildlife and livestock requires a clear understanding of the diseases transmitted between the two populations. The tick-borne protozoan parasite <italic>Theileria parva</italic> causes two distinct diseases in cattle, East Coast fever and Corridor disease, following infection with parasites derived from cattle or buffalo, respectively. In this study, cattle were immunized with a live sporozoite vaccine containing three <italic>T. parva</italic> isolates (the Muguga cocktail), which has been used extensively and successfully in the field to protect against cattle-derived <italic>T. parva</italic> infection. The cattle were exposed in a natural field challenge site containing buffalo but no other cattle. The vaccine had no effect on the survival outcome in vaccinated animals compared to unvaccinated controls: nine out of the 12 cattle in each group succumbed to <italic>T. parva</italic> infection. The vaccine also had no effect on the clinical course of the disease. A combination of clinical and post mortem observations and laboratory analyses confirmed that the animals died of Corridor disease. The results clearly indicate that the Muguga cocktail vaccine does not provide protection against buffalo-derived <italic>T. parva</italic> at this site and highlight the need to evaluate the impact of the composition of challenge <italic>T. parva</italic> populations on vaccine success in areas where buffalo and cattle are present.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd><italic>Theileria parva</italic></kwd><kwd>Cattle</kwd><kwd>Buffalo</kwd><kwd>Vaccine</kwd><kwd>Sporozoite</kwd><kwd>Muguga cocktail</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f0015"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of vaccinated (dashed line) and control (solid line) calves following field exposure. The black circle and red cross at day 30 represent the animals remaining alive at the end of the experiment (censored). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijppaw111-fig-0001"></graphic></fig><fig id="f0020"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Post mortem examination. Post mortem examination for typical calves showing signs associated with <italic>Theileria</italic> infection. A: Copious frothy exudate from nasal cavities of BJ031 and BJ037. B: Pleural exudate in thoracic cavities of BJ033 and BJ041. C: Frothing in trachea of BJ026 and BJ033.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijppaw111-fig-0002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t0010" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Clinical, parasitological and serological observations in vaccinated and control calves following immunization and field exposure.<xref rid="tn0010" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left"></th><th colspan="2" align="left">Immunization</th><th colspan="6" align="left">Field challenge</th></tr><tr><th align="left">Seroconv.</th><th align="left">p67<xref rid="tn0015" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref></th><th align="left">Pyrexia</th><th align="left">LN parasitosis</th><th align="left">Piroplasm</th><th align="left">p67<xref rid="tn0015" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref></th><th align="left">Seroconv.</th><th align="left">Death</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Controls</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2104</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">14 (<bold>7</bold>)</td><td align="left">14 (7)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">20</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2150</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">17 (<bold>5</bold>)</td><td align="left">14 (8)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">22</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2158</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">20 (<bold>5</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (14)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">28</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2253</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">15 (<bold>4</bold>/<italic>2</italic>/<bold>1</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (8)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">22</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2310</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">14 (<bold>5</bold>/<italic>1</italic>/<bold>1</bold>)</td><td align="left">14 (7)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2325</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">15 (<bold>7</bold>/<italic>2</italic>/<bold>4</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (13)</td><td align="left">22 (7)</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">28</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2352</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">15 (<bold>5</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (5)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">20</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2381</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">15 (<bold>4</bold>)</td><td align="left">14 (7)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">20</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2384</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">16 (<bold>5</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (8)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2124 (S)<xref rid="tn0020" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref></td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">15 (<bold>8</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (10)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">22</td><td align="left">n/a</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2166 (S)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">18 (<bold>8</bold>)</td><td align="left">16 (≥14)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">24</td><td align="left">n/a</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2227 (S)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">21 (<bold>1</bold>)</td><td align="left">18 (3)</td><td align="left">21 (2)</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">19</td><td align="left">n/a</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Vaccinated</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2170</td><td align="left">28</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">15 (<bold>6</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (7)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">11</td><td align="left">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2174</td><td align="left">21</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">15 (<bold>6</bold>)</td><td align="left">14 (7)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">20</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2202</td><td align="left">21</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">14 (<bold>7</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (6)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2206</td><td align="left">21</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">14 (<bold>7</bold>)</td><td align="left">14 (7)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2223</td><td align="left">21</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">17 (<bold>8</bold>)</td><td align="left">16 (8)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">27</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2252</td><td align="left">35</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">16 (<bold>1</bold>/<italic>1</italic>/<bold>4</bold>)</td><td align="left">16 (5)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">16</td><td align="left">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2265</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">15 (<bold>7</bold>)</td><td align="left">15 (8)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">22</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2345</td><td align="left">28</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">16 (<bold>3</bold>)</td><td align="left">14 (7)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2375</td><td align="left">21</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">17 (<bold>5</bold>)</td><td align="left">16 (5)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">22</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2164 (S)</td><td align="left">21</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">21 (<bold>6</bold>)</td><td align="left">18 (≥11)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">n/a</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2317 (S)</td><td align="left">21</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">20 (<bold>2</bold>)</td><td align="left">17 (8)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">9</td><td align="left">n/a</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 2320 (S)</td><td align="left">35</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">22 (<bold>3</bold>/<italic>1</italic>/<bold>3</bold>)</td><td align="left">19 (10)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">23</td><td align="left">n/a</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tn0010"><label>a</label><p>All data, except for p67 results, are shown as days to first occurrence following immunization or field exposure. The numbers in brackets refer to the duration of pyrexia and parasitosis. For pyrexia, brackets showing three figures indicate animals in which the pyrexic days (bold) were interrupted by days of normal temperature (italics).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tn0015"><label>b</label><p>The p67analysis was undertaken on samples taken at day 28 after immunization (detection of parasite post vaccination) or on days 20–23 after field exposure (survivors), or on the final sample before death (non-survivors).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tn0020"><label>c</label><p>(S) indicates animals which survived.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0015" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Occurrence and distribution of p67 sequence types in control cattle and buffalo on Ol Pejeta.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left"></th><th align="left">Type 1</th><th align="left">Type 2</th><th align="left">Type 3</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Cattle</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ024</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ026</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ027</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ038</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ041</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ044</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ046</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ048</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ049</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ025 (S)<xref rid="tn0025" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ029 (S)</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> BJ036 (S)</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Buffalo</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 301</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 302</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 303</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 304</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 305</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 306</td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 307</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> 308</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+</td><td align="left">+</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tn0025"><label>a</label><p>(S) indicates animals which survived.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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