Occupational Hazards and Safety Measures Amongst the Paint Factory Workers in Lagos, Nigeria
Identifieur interne : 000127 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000126; suivant : 000128Occupational Hazards and Safety Measures Amongst the Paint Factory Workers in Lagos, Nigeria
Auteurs : Olufunsho Awodele [Nigeria] ; Temidayo D. Popoola [Nigeria] ; Bawo S. Ogbudu [Nigeria] ; Akin Akinyede [Nigeria] ; Herbert A. B. Coker [Nigeria] ; Alade Akintonwa [Nigeria]Source :
- Safety and Health at Work [ 2093-7911 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The manufacture of paint involves a variety of processes that present with medical hazards. Safety initiatives are hence introduced to limit hazard exposures and promote workplace safety. This aim of this study is to assess the use of available control measures/initiatives in selected paint factories in Lagos West Senatorial District, Nigeria.
A total of 400 randomly selected paint factory workers were involved in the study. A well-structured World Health Organization standard questionnaire was designed and distributed to the workers to elicit information on awareness to occupational hazards, use of personal protective devices, and commonly experienced adverse symptoms. Urine samples were obtained from 50 workers randomly selected from these 400 participants, and the concentrations of the heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium) were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The results show that 72.5% of the respondents are aware of the hazards associated with their jobs; 30% have had formal training on hazards and safety measures; 40% do not use personal protective devices, and 90% of the respondents reported symptoms relating to hazard exposure. There was a statistically significant (
The need to develop effective frameworks that will initiate the integration and ensure implementation of safety regulations in paint factories is evident. Where these exist, there is a need to promote adherence to these practice guidelines.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2014.02.001
PubMed: 25180142
PubMed Central: 4147227
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Occupational Hazards and Safety Measures Amongst the Paint Factory Workers in Lagos, Nigeria</title><author><name sortKey="Awodele, Olufunsho" sort="Awodele, Olufunsho" uniqKey="Awodele O" first="Olufunsho" last="Awodele">Olufunsho Awodele</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Popoola, Temidayo D" sort="Popoola, Temidayo D" uniqKey="Popoola T" first="Temidayo D." last="Popoola">Temidayo D. Popoola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogbudu, Bawo S" sort="Ogbudu, Bawo S" uniqKey="Ogbudu B" first="Bawo S." last="Ogbudu">Bawo S. Ogbudu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyede, Akin" sort="Akinyede, Akin" uniqKey="Akinyede A" first="Akin" last="Akinyede">Akin Akinyede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coker, Herbert A B" sort="Coker, Herbert A B" uniqKey="Coker H" first="Herbert A. B." last="Coker">Herbert A. B. Coker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akintonwa, Alade" sort="Akintonwa, Alade" uniqKey="Akintonwa A" first="Alade" last="Akintonwa">Alade Akintonwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25180142</idno><idno type="pmc">4147227</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147227</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4147227</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.shaw.2014.02.001</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000471</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000471</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000470</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000470</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000127</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000127</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Occupational Hazards and Safety Measures Amongst the Paint Factory Workers in Lagos, Nigeria</title><author><name sortKey="Awodele, Olufunsho" sort="Awodele, Olufunsho" uniqKey="Awodele O" first="Olufunsho" last="Awodele">Olufunsho Awodele</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Popoola, Temidayo D" sort="Popoola, Temidayo D" uniqKey="Popoola T" first="Temidayo D." last="Popoola">Temidayo D. Popoola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogbudu, Bawo S" sort="Ogbudu, Bawo S" uniqKey="Ogbudu B" first="Bawo S." last="Ogbudu">Bawo S. Ogbudu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyede, Akin" sort="Akinyede, Akin" uniqKey="Akinyede A" first="Akin" last="Akinyede">Akin Akinyede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coker, Herbert A B" sort="Coker, Herbert A B" uniqKey="Coker H" first="Herbert A. B." last="Coker">Herbert A. B. Coker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akintonwa, Alade" sort="Akintonwa, Alade" uniqKey="Akintonwa A" first="Alade" last="Akintonwa">Alade Akintonwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Safety and Health at Work</title><idno type="ISSN">2093-7911</idno><idno type="eISSN">2093-7997</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The manufacture of paint involves a variety of processes that present with medical hazards. Safety initiatives are hence introduced to limit hazard exposures and promote workplace safety. This aim of this study is to assess the use of available control measures/initiatives in selected paint factories in Lagos West Senatorial District, Nigeria.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 400 randomly selected paint factory workers were involved in the study. A well-structured World Health Organization standard questionnaire was designed and distributed to the workers to elicit information on awareness to occupational hazards, use of personal protective devices, and commonly experienced adverse symptoms. Urine samples were obtained from 50 workers randomly selected from these 400 participants, and the concentrations of the heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium) were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results show that 72.5% of the respondents are aware of the hazards associated with their jobs; 30% have had formal training on hazards and safety measures; 40% do not use personal protective devices, and 90% of the respondents reported symptoms relating to hazard exposure. There was a statistically significant (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) increase in the mean heavy metal concentrations in the urine samples obtained from paint factory workers as compared with nonfactory workers.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The need to develop effective frameworks that will initiate the integration and ensure implementation of safety regulations in paint factories is evident. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Saf Health Work</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Safety and Health at Work</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2093-7911</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2093-7997</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25180142</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4147227</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2093-7911(14)00007-9</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.shaw.2014.02.001</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Occupational Hazards and Safety Measures Amongst the Paint Factory Workers in Lagos, Nigeria</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Awodele</surname><given-names>Olufunsho</given-names></name><email>awodeleo@gmail.com</email><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">∗</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Popoola</surname><given-names>Temidayo D.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ogbudu</surname><given-names>Bawo S.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akinyede</surname><given-names>Akin</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coker</surname><given-names>Herbert A.B.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akintonwa</surname><given-names>Alade</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Private Mail Bag 12003, Lagos, Nigeria. <email>awodeleo@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>4</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>111</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder></copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>The manufacture of paint involves a variety of processes that present with medical hazards. Safety initiatives are hence introduced to limit hazard exposures and promote workplace safety. This aim of this study is to assess the use of available control measures/initiatives in selected paint factories in Lagos West Senatorial District, Nigeria.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 400 randomly selected paint factory workers were involved in the study. A well-structured World Health Organization standard questionnaire was designed and distributed to the workers to elicit information on awareness to occupational hazards, use of personal protective devices, and commonly experienced adverse symptoms. Urine samples were obtained from 50 workers randomly selected from these 400 participants, and the concentrations of the heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium) were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results show that 72.5% of the respondents are aware of the hazards associated with their jobs; 30% have had formal training on hazards and safety measures; 40% do not use personal protective devices, and 90% of the respondents reported symptoms relating to hazard exposure. There was a statistically significant (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) increase in the mean heavy metal concentrations in the urine samples obtained from paint factory workers as compared with nonfactory workers.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The need to develop effective frameworks that will initiate the integration and ensure implementation of safety regulations in paint factories is evident. Where these exist, there is a need to promote adherence to these practice guidelines.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>hazard exposure</kwd><kwd>heavy metals</kwd><kwd>occupational hazard</kwd><kwd>paint factories</kwd><kwd>safety regulations</kwd><kwd>workers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Neurobehavioral effects of organic solvents in paints on paint factory workers/painters</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Study</th><th>Exposed group (N)</th><th>Visual performance/motor deficit</th><th>Memory deficit</th><th>Behavioral symptoms</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Bleeker et al (1991)<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref></td><td>Paint factory workers (187)</td><td>+</td><td>+</td><td>−</td></tr><tr><td>Maizlish et al (1987)<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref></td><td>Spray painters (124)</td><td>−</td><td>+</td><td>−</td></tr><tr><td>Fiddler et al (1987)<xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref></td><td>Painters (101)</td><td></td><td></td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>Cherry (1985)<xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref></td><td>Painters (44)</td><td>+</td><td>+</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>Baker et al (1988)<xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref></td><td>Painters (186)</td><td>+</td><td>+</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>Spurgeon et al (1992)<xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref></td><td>Painters (90)</td><td>+</td><td>+</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>+, Exposure-related effects observed; −, exposure related effects not seen.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Demographic characteristics of respondents</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Frequency</th><th>%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3">Age (y)</td></tr><tr><td> 17–24</td><td align="char">107</td><td align="char">26.75</td></tr><tr><td> 25–34</td><td align="char">183</td><td align="char">45.75</td></tr><tr><td> 35–44</td><td align="char">61</td><td align="char">15.25</td></tr><tr><td> >44</td><td align="char">49</td><td align="char">12.25</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Sex</td></tr><tr><td> Male</td><td align="char">248</td><td align="char">62</td></tr><tr><td> Female</td><td align="char">152</td><td align="char">38</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Educational level</td></tr><tr><td> No formal education</td><td align="char">36</td><td align="char">9</td></tr><tr><td> Primary</td><td align="char">52</td><td align="char">13</td></tr><tr><td> Secondary</td><td align="char">178</td><td align="char">44.5</td></tr><tr><td> Technical</td><td align="char">79</td><td align="char">19.75</td></tr><tr><td> Tertiary</td><td align="char">55</td><td align="char">13.75</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Duration of employment (y)</td></tr><tr><td> 0–2</td><td align="char">82</td><td align="char">20.50</td></tr><tr><td> 3–5</td><td align="char">159</td><td align="char">39.75</td></tr><tr><td> 6–8</td><td align="char">101</td><td align="char">25.25</td></tr><tr><td> > 8</td><td align="char">58</td><td align="char">14.50</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Awareness of occupation hazards and safety measure utilization</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Frequency</th><th>%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3">Are you aware of the hazards associated with this job?</td></tr><tr><td> Yes</td><td align="char">290</td><td align="char">72.5</td></tr><tr><td> No</td><td align="char">68</td><td align="char">17</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">42</td><td align="char">10.5</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Have you had formal training hazards and safety measures to be taken?</td></tr><tr><td> Yes</td><td align="char">132</td><td align="char">33</td></tr><tr><td> No</td><td align="char">243</td><td align="char">60.75</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">25</td><td align="char">6.25</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Do you use of personal protective devices?</td></tr><tr><td> Yes</td><td align="char">234</td><td align="char">58.5</td></tr><tr><td> No</td><td align="char">120</td><td align="char">30</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">46</td><td align="char">11.5</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">How often do you use personal protective devices?</td></tr><tr><td> Regularly</td><td align="char">102</td><td align="char">25.5</td></tr><tr><td> Occasionally</td><td align="char">132</td><td align="char">33</td></tr><tr><td> Never</td><td align="char">120</td><td align="char">30</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">46</td><td align="char">11.5</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Use of personal protective devices among respondents</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Personal Protective Device</th><th>Frequency</th><th>%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3">Hand gloves</td></tr><tr><td> Use</td><td align="char">58</td><td align="char">14.5</td></tr><tr><td> Don't use</td><td align="char">342</td><td align="char">85.5</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">0</td><td align="char">0</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Goggles</td></tr><tr><td> Use</td><td align="char">112</td><td align="char">28</td></tr><tr><td> Don't use</td><td align="char">246</td><td align="char">61.5</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">42</td><td align="char">10.5</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Safety boots</td></tr><tr><td> Use</td><td align="char">101</td><td align="char">25.5</td></tr><tr><td> Don't use</td><td align="char">299</td><td align="char">74.75</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">0</td><td align="char">0</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Dust masks</td></tr><tr><td> Use</td><td align="char">100</td><td align="char">25</td></tr><tr><td> Don't use</td><td align="char">267</td><td align="char">66.75</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">33</td><td align="char">8.25</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Aprons</td></tr><tr><td> Use</td><td align="char">112</td><td align="char">28</td></tr><tr><td> Don't use</td><td align="char">246</td><td align="char">61.5</td></tr><tr><td> No response</td><td align="char">42</td><td align="char">10.5</td></tr><tr><td> Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Self-reported occupational health problems among respondents</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Symptoms</th><th>Frequency</th><th>%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Multiple symptoms</td><td align="char">360</td><td align="char">90</td></tr><tr><td>Headache</td><td align="char">135</td><td align="char">33.75</td></tr><tr><td>Memory loss</td><td align="char">3</td><td align="char">0.75</td></tr><tr><td>Dizziness</td><td align="char">15</td><td align="char">3.75</td></tr><tr><td>Anxiety</td><td align="char">20</td><td align="char">5</td></tr><tr><td>Sleep disorder</td><td align="char">7</td><td align="char">1.75</td></tr><tr><td>Poor eye sight</td><td align="char">5</td><td align="char">1.25</td></tr><tr><td>Skin irritation</td><td align="char">35</td><td align="char">8.75</td></tr><tr><td>Frequent disorder</td><td align="char">3</td><td align="char">0.75</td></tr><tr><td>Itching</td><td align="char">22</td><td align="char">5.5</td></tr><tr><td>Weight loss</td><td align="char">15</td><td align="char">3.75</td></tr><tr><td>Nose bleeding</td><td align="char">8</td><td align="char">2</td></tr><tr><td>Chronic fatigue</td><td align="char">42</td><td align="char">10.5</td></tr><tr><td>Eye irritation</td><td align="char">25</td><td align="char">6.25</td></tr><tr><td>Chest pain</td><td align="char">3</td><td align="char">0.75</td></tr><tr><td>Cough—dry</td><td align="char">7</td><td align="char">1.75</td></tr><tr><td>Cough—productive</td><td align="char">15</td><td align="char">3.75</td></tr><tr><td>No symptoms</td><td align="char">40</td><td align="char">10</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td align="char">400</td><td align="char">100</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Urine heavy metal concentration</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Heavy metals</th><th>Paint workers</th><th>Nonpaint workers</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Lead (μg/L)</td><td align="char">240 ± 20*</td><td align="char">110 ± 10</td></tr><tr><td>Cadmium (μg/L)</td><td align="char">50 ± 7*</td><td align="char">6 ± 2</td></tr><tr><td>Arsenic (μg/L)</td><td align="char">40 ± 5*</td><td align="char">2 ± 0.4</td></tr><tr><td>Chromium (μg/L)</td><td align="char">200 ± 20*</td><td align="char">0.8 ± 0.3</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Result shows the mean ± standard deviation of the urine concentration of heavy metals (μg/L). Number of participants for each group, 50.</p><p>*Statistically significant at <italic>p</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Nigeria</li></country></list><tree><country name="Nigeria"><noRegion><name sortKey="Awodele, Olufunsho" sort="Awodele, Olufunsho" uniqKey="Awodele O" first="Olufunsho" last="Awodele">Olufunsho Awodele</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Akintonwa, Alade" sort="Akintonwa, Alade" uniqKey="Akintonwa A" first="Alade" last="Akintonwa">Alade Akintonwa</name><name sortKey="Akinyede, Akin" sort="Akinyede, Akin" uniqKey="Akinyede A" first="Akin" last="Akinyede">Akin Akinyede</name><name sortKey="Coker, Herbert A B" sort="Coker, Herbert A B" uniqKey="Coker H" first="Herbert A. B." last="Coker">Herbert A. B. Coker</name><name sortKey="Ogbudu, Bawo S" sort="Ogbudu, Bawo S" uniqKey="Ogbudu B" first="Bawo S." last="Ogbudu">Bawo S. Ogbudu</name><name sortKey="Popoola, Temidayo D" sort="Popoola, Temidayo D" uniqKey="Popoola T" first="Temidayo D." last="Popoola">Temidayo D. Popoola</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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