Enhanced Removal of Lead by Chemically and Biologically Treated Carbonaceous Materials
Identifieur interne : 000211 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000210; suivant : 000212Enhanced Removal of Lead by Chemically and Biologically Treated Carbonaceous Materials
Auteurs : Mohamed E. Mahmoud [Égypte] ; Maher M. Osman [Égypte] ; Somia B. Ahmed [Égypte] ; Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah [États-Unis]Source :
- The Scientific World Journal [ 1537-744X ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Hybrid sorbents and biosorbents were synthesized via chemical and biological treatment of active carbon by simple and direct redox reaction followed by surface loading of baker's yeast. Surface functionality and morphology of chemically and biologically modified sorbents and biosorbents were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis and scanning electron microscope imaging. Hybrid carbonaceous sorbents and biosorbents were characterized by excellent efficiency and superiority toward lead(II) sorption compared to blank active carbon providing a maximum sorption capacity of lead(II) ion as 500
Url:
DOI: 10.1100/2012/604198
PubMed: 22629157
PubMed Central: 3353520
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Enhanced Removal of Lead by Chemically and Biologically Treated Carbonaceous Materials</title><author><name sortKey="Mahmoud, Mohamed E" sort="Mahmoud, Mohamed E" uniqKey="Mahmoud M" first="Mohamed E." last="Mahmoud">Mohamed E. Mahmoud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alexandria 21321</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osman, Maher M" sort="Osman, Maher M" uniqKey="Osman M" first="Maher M." last="Osman">Maher M. Osman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alexandria 21321</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Somia B" sort="Ahmed, Somia B" uniqKey="Ahmed S" first="Somia B." last="Ahmed">Somia B. Ahmed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alexandria 21321</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdel Fattah, Tarek M" sort="Abdel Fattah, Tarek M" uniqKey="Abdel Fattah T" first="Tarek M." last="Abdel-Fattah">Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry Christopher Newport University, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry Christopher Newport University, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>VA 23606</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22629157</idno><idno type="pmc">3353520</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353520</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3353520</idno><idno type="doi">10.1100/2012/604198</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000472</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000472</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000471</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000471</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000248</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000248</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000211</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Enhanced Removal of Lead by Chemically and Biologically Treated Carbonaceous Materials</title><author><name sortKey="Mahmoud, Mohamed E" sort="Mahmoud, Mohamed E" uniqKey="Mahmoud M" first="Mohamed E." last="Mahmoud">Mohamed E. Mahmoud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alexandria 21321</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osman, Maher M" sort="Osman, Maher M" uniqKey="Osman M" first="Maher M." last="Osman">Maher M. Osman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alexandria 21321</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Somia B" sort="Ahmed, Somia B" uniqKey="Ahmed S" first="Somia B." last="Ahmed">Somia B. Ahmed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alexandria 21321</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdel Fattah, Tarek M" sort="Abdel Fattah, Tarek M" uniqKey="Abdel Fattah T" first="Tarek M." last="Abdel-Fattah">Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry Christopher Newport University, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry Christopher Newport University, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>VA 23606</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Scientific World Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1537-744X</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Hybrid sorbents and biosorbents were synthesized via chemical and biological treatment of active carbon by simple and direct redox reaction followed by surface loading of baker's yeast. Surface functionality and morphology of chemically and biologically modified sorbents and biosorbents were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis and scanning electron microscope imaging. Hybrid carbonaceous sorbents and biosorbents were characterized by excellent efficiency and superiority toward lead(II) sorption compared to blank active carbon providing a maximum sorption capacity of lead(II) ion as 500 <italic>μ</italic>mol g<sup>−1</sup>. Sorption processes of lead(II) by these hybrid materials were investigated under the influence of several controlling parameters such as pH, contact time, mass of sorbent and biosorbent, lead(II) concentration, and foreign ions. Lead(II) sorption mechanisms were found to obey the Langmuir and BET isotherm models. The potential applications of chemically and biologically modified-active carbonaceous materials for removal and extraction of lead from real water matrices were also studied via a double-stage microcolumn technique. The results of this study were found to denote to superior recovery values of lead (95.0–99.0 ± 3.0–5.0%) by various carbonaceous-modified-bakers yeast biosorbents.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lo, W" uniqKey="Lo W">W Lo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chua, H" uniqKey="Chua H">H Chua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, Kh" uniqKey="Lam K">KH Lam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bi, Sp" uniqKey="Bi S">SP Bi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nadeem, M" uniqKey="Nadeem M">M Nadeem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, A" uniqKey="Mahmood A">A Mahmood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shahid, Sa" uniqKey="Shahid S">SA Shahid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Ss" uniqKey="Shah S">SS Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khalid, Am" uniqKey="Khalid A">AM Khalid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckay, G" uniqKey="Mckay 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TSWJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Scientific World Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1537-744X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Scientific World Journal</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22629157</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3353520</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1100/2012/604198</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Enhanced Removal of Lead by Chemically and Biologically Treated Carbonaceous Materials</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mahmoud</surname><given-names>Mohamed E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Osman</surname><given-names>Maher M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Somia B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdel-Fattah</surname><given-names>Tarek M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry Christopher Newport University, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Mohamed E. Mahmoud: <email>memahmoud10@yahoo.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Amauri Antonio Menegário</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2012</volume><elocation-id>604198</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 Mohamed E. Mahmoud et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Hybrid sorbents and biosorbents were synthesized via chemical and biological treatment of active carbon by simple and direct redox reaction followed by surface loading of baker's yeast. Surface functionality and morphology of chemically and biologically modified sorbents and biosorbents were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis and scanning electron microscope imaging. Hybrid carbonaceous sorbents and biosorbents were characterized by excellent efficiency and superiority toward lead(II) sorption compared to blank active carbon providing a maximum sorption capacity of lead(II) ion as 500 <italic>μ</italic>mol g<sup>−1</sup>. Sorption processes of lead(II) by these hybrid materials were investigated under the influence of several controlling parameters such as pH, contact time, mass of sorbent and biosorbent, lead(II) concentration, and foreign ions. Lead(II) sorption mechanisms were found to obey the Langmuir and BET isotherm models. The potential applications of chemically and biologically modified-active carbonaceous materials for removal and extraction of lead from real water matrices were also studied via a double-stage microcolumn technique. The results of this study were found to denote to superior recovery values of lead (95.0–99.0 ± 3.0–5.0%) by various carbonaceous-modified-bakers yeast biosorbents.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>FT-IR spectra of various chemically and biologically treated carbonaceous sorbents.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2012-604198.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>SEM-images of various hybrid chemically and biologically treated sorbents and biosorbents.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2012-604198.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Langmuir's adsorption isotherms of lead sorption by hybrid active carbons (a) Ox-AC, (b) Ox-AC-BY, (c) Rd-AC and (d) Rd-AC-BY.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2012-604198.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>BET adsorption isotherms of lead sorption by hybrid active carbons (a) Ox-AC-BY and (b) Rd-AC-BY.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2012-604198.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Effect of sorbent dose on Pb(II) sorption.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2012-604198.005"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Hybrid chemically and biologically modified-active carbon biosorbents.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symbol</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sorbent</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active carbon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxidized active carbon by nitric acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reducing active carbon by sodium sulfite</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC-BY</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxidized active carbon by nitric acid and modified by baker's yeast</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC-BY</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reducing active carbon by sodium sulfite and modified by baker's yeast</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Sorption capacity values of lead by modified active carbon sorbents in various buffer solutions.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">pH</th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Metal sorption capacity (<italic>μ</italic>mol g<sup>−1</sup>) in various buffer solutions*</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC-BY</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC-BY</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">345</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">230</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">245</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">405</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">340</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Values are based on <italic>n</italic> = 3 with standard deviation of 2.0–4.0%.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Effect of contact time on sorption capacity and percent extraction of lead by hybrid sorbents and biosorbents in pH 2.0 and 7.0 solutions.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">pH</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Min</th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Metal capacity in <italic>μ</italic>mol g<sup>−1</sup> (percent extraction)*</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC-BY</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC-BY</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AC-BY</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="7" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (21.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">210 (79.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 (64.5%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190 (84.4%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">290 (93.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (58.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215 (81.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (77.4%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190 (84.4%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">290 (93.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 (79.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255 (85.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130 (84.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">205 (91.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300 (96.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (89.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">230 (86.8%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145 (93.5%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">210 (93.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300 (96.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255 (96.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150 (96.7%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">310 (100.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">265 (100%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155 (100%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225 (100%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">310 (100.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">265 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">310 (100.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="7" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150 (75.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">450 (85.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">245 (87.5%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">320 (82.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">310 (86.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">160 (80%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">425 (87.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250 (89.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">335 (86.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">320 (88.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175 (87.5%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">435 (88.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255 (91.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">340 (87.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">340 (94.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190 (95.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440 (86.8%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255 (91.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">365 (93.6%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350 (97.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">470 (94.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">265 (94.6%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">375 (96.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360 (100.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">470 (94.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">385 (98.7%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360 (100.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390 (100.0%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360 (100.0%)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Values are based on <italic>n</italic> = 3 with standard deviation of 2.0–5.0%.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The calculated Langmuir's parameters.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adsorbent</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>q</italic><sub>max</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub>L</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.35236<italic>E </italic>− 05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45138<italic>E </italic>− 06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC-BY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.17259<italic>E </italic>− 05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC-BY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.95061<italic>E </italic>− 05</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Effect of foreign ions on the metal capacity values of lead.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Adsorbent</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">pH</th><th align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><italic>μ</italic>mol g<sup>−1</sup> capacity of lead in presence of interfering species</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KNO<sub>3</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NaCl</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni(AcO)<sub>2</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CoCl<sub>2</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CuCl<sub>2</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(AC)<sub>2</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">195</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">235</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">290</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">265</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">212</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ox-AC-BY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">480</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">299</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">290</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rd-AC-BY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">309</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">290</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Values are based on <italic>n</italic> = 3 with standard deviation of 2.0–5.0%.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Removal of lead from real water samples by modified AC.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Water sample</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sorbent</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sorbent mass</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Spiked (ppm)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">% Extraction</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1st stage</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2nd stage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Drinking tap water</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ox-AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.8%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rd-AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.900</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ox-AC-BY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rd-AC-BY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Agricultural waste water</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ox-AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rd-AC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.590</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ox-AC-BY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rd-AC-BY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*% Extraction<bold> v</bold>alues are based on <italic>n</italic> = 3 with standard deviation of 3.0–5.0%.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Égypte</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="Égypte"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mahmoud, Mohamed E" sort="Mahmoud, Mohamed E" uniqKey="Mahmoud M" first="Mohamed E." last="Mahmoud">Mohamed E. Mahmoud</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ahmed, Somia B" sort="Ahmed, Somia B" uniqKey="Ahmed S" first="Somia B." last="Ahmed">Somia B. Ahmed</name><name sortKey="Osman, Maher M" sort="Osman, Maher M" uniqKey="Osman M" first="Maher M." last="Osman">Maher M. Osman</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Abdel Fattah, Tarek M" sort="Abdel Fattah, Tarek M" uniqKey="Abdel Fattah T" first="Tarek M." last="Abdel-Fattah">Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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